Contributors
Department of Psychology Auburn University Auburn, Alabama School of Medicine Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia Toxicology Medical College of Georgia Augusta, Georgia Veterans Administration Medical Center Augusta, GA, Prime Behavior Testing Laboratories Evans, Georgia Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Duke University Durham, North Carolina Neuroscience Research Abbott Laboratories Abbott Park, Illinois Department of Psychology Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Department...
Table 122
Phases and Tests of Neurophysiological Screen Phase Test Scoring Criteria Initial evaluation Skin color Vascularity of footpads ruddy to pale Lacrimation Discharge from the eyes Tremor Presence of shaking or shuddering Convulsions If present mild, moderate, severe Heart rate Palpated slow, normal, fast Respiration rate Palpated slow, normal, fast General assessment Body posture Four-footed posture, slight curve to back, pelvis and tail at normal elevation 2-3 mm from observation surface...
Info Esx
a Each test should be separated by 36 to 48 h. a Each test should be separated by 36 to 48 h. lt 5 10 gt 20 Anxious or Normal Sensation FIGURE 12.1 Zero maze for testing anxietylike behaviors. The zero maze is elevated approximately 18 in above the floor, and it consists of two open and two closed areas. Mice are permitted free exploration of the maze for 5 min. Illumination of the maze is critical and should be maintained between 40 to 60 lux. Anxious mice remain in the closed areas and do not...
Learning And Memory
Investigations of associative learning are usually conducted as paradigms of classical conditioning, where two previously noncontiguous stimuli are paired. In these tests, one stimulus is designated as the unconditioned stimulus UCS , and presentation of the UCS elicits a reliable and measurable unconditioned response UCR . A second stimulus is considered neutral at the start of testing, but when paired with the UCS, this CS elicits a conditioned response CR . The UCS can be food or water, in...
Modeling Cognitive Deficits Of Parkinsonism With Chronic Administration Of Mptp
Our initial idea was to produce cognitive deficits in monkeys pretrained to perform a variety of cognitive tasks by administering the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP in doses too low to induce gross parkinsonian motor deficits. Since the clinical literature indicated that cognitive deficits are present at the earliest stages of PD, our goal was try to model this early stage of PD in nonhuman primates. Over several years we developed and refined the chronic-low-dose MPTP administration protocol to...
Contents Cbw
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Generation of mAChR KO General Observations in mAChR KO Cognitional Data with mAChR KO M1 mAChR KO Mice M1 Receptor-Deficient M2 mAChR KO Mice M2 Receptor-Deficient M3 mAChR KO M4 mAChR KO M5 mAChR KO Double M1 and M3 mAChR KO Double M2 and M4 mAChR KO Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Generation of nAChR KO General Observations in nAChR KO Cognitional Data with nAChR KO 2 nAChR KO a4 nAChR KO a7 nAChR KO Acetylcholinesterase - - Mice or General Observations...
Cognitive Testing
Task selection is perhaps the most crucial decision an investigator can make. However, with the multitude of cognitive paradigms available for mice and the availability of mutant animals, it becomes important for the experimenter to decide a priori which tests are the most suitable for study. As the behavioral phenotype of many mutants may be heterogeneous, it is critical to examine multiple aspects of cognition that cover different domains of functioning, including preattention and attention,...
References Qpn
1. Beal, M.F., Experimental models of Parkinson's disease, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 325-332, 2001. 2. Arendash, G.W., Gordon, M.N., Diamond, D.M., Austin, L.A., Hatcher, J.M., Jantzen, P., Dicarlo, G., Wilcock, D., and Morgan, D., Behavioral assessment of Alzheimer's transgenic mice following long-term A beta vaccination task specificity and correlations between A beta deposition and spatial memory, DNA and Cell Biology, 20, 737-744, 2001. 3. Bard, F., Cannon, C., Barbour, R., Burke,...
Nmda
It has been suggested that the activation of the NMDA receptor is required for long-term potentiation LTP in the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial septum Izquierdo, 1994 Rockstroh et al., 1996 Scatton et al., 1991 . This mechanism has been implicated in memory formation the involvement of the glutamate-receptor system and LTP is strongly linked to new learning and memory in animal models Lozano et al., 2001 Scheetz and Constantine-Paton, 1994 Tang et al., 1999, 2001 Wong et al., 2002 . Both...
Table 32 1
Effects of Mecamylamine on Other Appetitive Tasks continued 1, 2, 4 mg kg SC 10 min prior X Percent hit 1.8, 3, 5.6 mg kg 3, 5.6 mg kg 5.6 mg kg Five-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task 0.25, 0.5, 1 mg kg 2 mg kg 4 mg kg 10 g jl SC 15 min prior - Effect on DRL-30 sec T Premature responses X Reinforcement rate T Premature responses X No. of reinforcements X Percent correct rejections T No. of no-response trials X Percent hit X Percent correct rejections T No. of false alarms T No. of no-response...
Pnd1120
a IP intraperitoneal injection SC subcutaneous injection VHE ventral hippocampus-entorhinal area injection. b T enhanced performance i impaired performance - no effect PND postnatal day. decreased retention time in the passive-avoidance task, while the peripheral blocker hexamethonium did not 16 . Mecamylamine injected into the hippocampus improved performance in well-trained rats during the Sidman avoidance task Table 3.4 . Rats were first trained with a 7-sec light CS preceding a shock US ....
Introduction Lgn
Animal models of traumatically induced cognitive impairment are designed to reproduce those features of human traumatic brain injury TBI that result in long-term cognitive impairment and disability. The sequelae of behavioral impairments associated with human TBI include disruption along nearly every level of information processing. However, the most severely affected cognitive domains are memory and information-processing speed and efficiency.1 Both retrograde and anterograde memory deficits...
References
1. Drachman, D.A. and Leavitt, J., Human memory and the cholinergic system a relationship to aging Arch. Neurol., 30, 113-121, 1974. 2. Wesnes, K. and Warburton, D.M., Effects of scopolamine on stimulus sensitivity and response bias in a visual vigilance task, Neuropsychobiology, 9, 154-157, 1983. 3. Wesnes, K. and Warburton, D.M., Effects of scopolamine and nicotine on human rapid information processing performance, Psychopharmacology Berl. , 82, 147-150, 1984. 4. Broks, P., Preston, G.C.,...