Neurophysiology Lln
Synaptic Transmission Temporal and Spatial Summation chart 2.1 summary of some neurotransmitters and where within the central and peripheral nervous system they are found A. Resting state motor nerve cell shown with synaptic boutons of excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers ending close to it A. Resting state motor nerve cell shown with synaptic boutons of excitatory and inhibitory nerve fibers ending close to it C. Temporal excitatory summation a series of impulses in one excitatory fiber...
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Parasympathetic 1 fibers Postsynaptic Figure 2.15 Autonomic Nervous System Schema The autonomic nervous system is composed of two divisions the parasympathetic division derived from four of the cranial nerves CN III, VII, IX, and X and the S2-S4 sacral spinal cord levels, and the sympathetic division associated with the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord levels T1-L2 . The autonomic nervous system is a two-neuron chain, with the preganglionic neuron arising from the central nervous system...
Neurophysiology Bxd
Figure 2.14 Peripheral Nervous System Figure 2.14 Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system PNS consists of all of the neural elements outside of the CNS brain and spinal cord and provides the connections between the CNS and all other body organ systems. The PNS consists of somatic and autonomic components. The somatic component innervates skeletal muscle and skin and is shown here see Figure 2.15 for the autonomic nervous system . The somatic component of the peripheral nerves...
Posterior Meningeal Artery
Thalamogeniculate arteries Anterior choroidal artery Crura of fornix Anterolateral central lenticulostriate arteries Lateral and medial geniculate bodies of left thalamus Choroid plexuses of lateral ventricles Occipital posterior horn of right lateral ventricle Right dorsal branch to corpus callosum posterior pericallosal artery gt right posterior Calcarine cerebral artery Anterolateral central lenticulostriate arteries Lateral and medial geniculate bodies of left thalamus Choroid plexuses of...
Neurophysiology Iio
Synaptic Transmission Inhibitory Mechanisms depolarization in E terminal No response in motor neuron depolarization of E terminal reduces spike to 80 mV, thus releasing less transmitter substance Smaller EPSP in motor neuron
Neurophysiology
Central sulcus Rolando Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Inferior parietal lobule Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Inferior parietal lobule Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus
Anterior Olfactory Nucleus
Subcallosal parolfactory area Septal area and nuclei Fibers from Contralateral Fibers to J olfactory bulb Fibers from Contralateral Fibers to J olfactory bulb Olfactory bulb Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Olfactory bulb Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Lateral olfactory stria Lateral olfactory tract nucleus Anterior perforated substance
Cerebellar Arteries
Medial frontobasal orbitofrontal artery Distal medial striate artery recurrent artery of Heubner Anterolateral central lenticulostriate arteries Lateral frontobasal orbitofrontal artery Labyrinthine internal acoustic artery Posterior inferior cerebellar artery PICA cut Distal medial striate artery recurrent artery of Heubner Posterior communicating artery Anterior choroidal artery Optic tract Cerebral crus Lateral geniculate body Posterior medial choroidal artery Posterior lateral choroidal...
Sacral Splanchnic Nerves
Right internal iliac artery and plexus cut ' Right inferior hypogastric pelvic plexus -Left inferior phrenic artery and plexus
Neurophysiology Xbw
Neurons communicate with each other and with effector targets at specialized regions called synapses. The top figure shows a typical motor neuron that receives numerous synaptic contacts on its cell body and associated dendrites. Incoming axons lose their myelin sheaths, exhibit extensive branching, and terminate as synaptic boutons synaptic terminals or knobs on the motor neuron. The lower figure shows an enlargement of one such synaptic bouton. Chemical neurotransmitters are contained in...
Neurophysiology Nfx
A. Membranous labyrinth within bony labyrinth Scala vestibuli Cochlear duct scala media A. Membranous labyrinth within bony labyrinth Scala tympani Round window Oval window and stapes Scala tympani Round window Oval window and stapes Cochlear duct scala media endolymph Outer hair cells 60 mV Basilar membrane Inner hair cell 60 mV
Neuroanatomy Brw
Efferent fibers Afferent fibers Parasympathetic fibers Caroticotympanic nerve from internal carotid plexus Pharyngotympanic auditory tube and pharyngeal opening Stylopharyngeus muscle and branch from glossopharyngeal nerve Spinal tract and spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve Solitary tract nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Caroticotympanic nerve from internal carotid plexus Pharyngotympanic auditory tube and pharyngeal opening Pharyngeal, tonsillar and lingual branches of glossopharyngeal nerve Superior...
Neurophysiology 1
Multipolar pyramidal cell of cerebral motor cortex Multipolar pyramidal cell of cerebral motor cortex Figure 2.2 Organization of the Brain Cell Types v Motor _ endplate Multipolar somatic motor cell of nuclei of cranial nn. Multipolar cell of lower brain motor centers Multipolar somatic motor cell of anterior horn of spinal cord Myelinated somatic motor fiber of spinal nerve Motor endplate with Schwann cell cap Unipolar cell of sensory ganglia of cranial nn. Free nerve endings unmyelinated...
Blood Brain Barrier
The blood-brain barrier BBB is the cellular interface between the blood and the central nervous system CNS brain and spinal cord It serves to maintain the interstitial fluid environment to ensure optimal functionality of the neurons. This barrier consists of the capillary endothelial cells with an elaborate network of tight junctions and astrocytic foot processes that abut the endothelium and its basement membrane. The movement of large molecules and other substances including many drugs from...
Nuclei Of Spinal Cord T1
Vestibular System Vestibulospinal Tracts Excitatory endings Inhibitory endings Ascending fibers in medial longitudinal fasciculi - Medial vestibulospinal fibers in medial longitudinal fasciculi Medial vestibulospinal fibers in medial longitudinal fasciculi Somatotopical pattern in lateral vestibular nucleus Fibers from cristae rotational stimuli Fibers from maculae gravitational stimuli To flexor muscles To extensor muscles Excitatory ending Lateral vestibulospinal tract Somatotopical pattern...
Neuromuscular Junction
Synaptic Transmission Neuromuscular Junction Figure 2.5 Structure of the Neuromuscular Junction Junctional fold Sarcoplasm Acetylcholine receptor sites Figure 2.5 Structure of the Neuromuscular Junction Motor axons that synapse on skeletal muscle form expanded terminals called neuromuscular junctions motor endplates . The motor axon loses its myelin sheath and expands into a Schwann cell-invested synaptic terminal that resides within a trough in the muscle fiber. Acetylcholine-containing...
Biceps Femoris Long Head
Sciatic Nerve and Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh S1, 2, 3 Long head cut of biceps femoris muscle Adductor magnus muscle also partially supplied by obturator nerve Gastrocnemius muscle Sural nerve Soleus muscle Tibial nerve Long head cut of biceps femoris muscle Adductor magnus muscle also partially supplied by obturator nerve Gastrocnemius muscle Sural nerve Soleus muscle Tibial nerve Common fibular peroneal division of sciatic nerve Long head cut of...
Hypogastric Plexus
Inferior phrenic arteries and plexuses Left gastric artery and gastric plexus Superior mesenteric artery and plexus Inferior mesenteric ganglion, artery and plexus Nerve from inferior hypogastric plexus to sigmoid and descending colon parasympathetic Sacral splanchnic nerves sympathetic Inferior hypogastric pelvic plexus T10 spinal nerve anterior ramus White and gray rami communicantes Greater Inferior phrenic arteries and plexuses Left gastric artery and gastric plexus Superior mesenteric...
Meissner S Corpuscle
Melanocyte Arrector muscle of hair Sebaceous gland Cuticle Hair cuticle Sweat gland Hair matrix Papilla of hair follicle Hair cuticle Sweat gland Hair matrix Papilla of hair follicle Detail of Merkel's disc Skin ligaments Axon' Schwann cells Detail of free nerve ending Figure 2.23 Skin and Cutaneous Receptors __ Cutaneous receptors respond to touch mechanoreceptors , pain nociceptors , and temperature thermoreceptors . Several different types of receptors are present in skin. Meissner's...
Neuroanatomy Sdr
Tela choroidea cut edge of 3rd ventricle- Temporal inferior horn of lateral ventricle Tela choroidea cut edge of 3rd ventricle- Temporal inferior horn of lateral ventricle Occipital posterior horn of lateral ventricle Corpus callosum cut Head of caudate nucleus Septum pellucidum Columns of fornix Anterior tubercle Stria terminalis Interthalamic adhesion Lamina affixa Stria medullaris Habenular trigone Pulvinar retracted Lateral geniculate body Medial geniculate body Brachium of superior...
Neuroanatomy Bcv
Greater petrosal nerve Deep petrosal nerve from internal carotid plexus Lesser petrosal nerve Nerve vidian of pterygoid canal Otic ganglion Pterygopalatine ganglion Frontal belly frontalis of occipitofrontalis Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Internal acoustic meatus Intermediate nerve Motor nucleus of facial nerve Superior salivatory nucleus Solitary tract nucleus Tympanic nerve Jacobson from glossopharyngeal nerve Caroticotympanic nerve from internal carotid plexus Submandibular g...
L1
Figure 2.12 Spinal Cord and Ventral Rami In Situ Conus medullaris L1 spinal nerve Cauda equina S1 spinal nerve Sacrum cut away Figure 2.12 Spinal Cord and Ventral Rami In Situ The spinal cord gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves that distribute fibers of these spinal nerves innervate skeletal muscle, and sensory segmentally to the body. These nerves are organized into plexuses that distribute to the neck cervical plexus , upper limb brachial plexus , and pelvis and lower limb lumbosacral...
Thyrocervical Trunk
Caroticotympanic branch of internal carotid artery Posterior inferior cerebellar artery External carotid artery Internal carotid artery Superior thyroid artery Common carotid artery Vertebral artery Ascending cervical artery Inferior thyroid artery Thyrocervical trunk Subclavian artery Brachiocephalic trunk 3 Internal carotid-External carotid
Arteries To Gastrointestinal
Figure 2.16 Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses Schema Upper lumbar part of spinal cord L1-2 3 Upper lumbar part of spinal cord L1-2 3 The autonomic nervous system ANS is a two-neuron chain, with the preganglionic neuron arising from the central nervous system and synapsing on a postganglionic neuron located in a peripheral autonomic ganglion. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. The parasympathetic division of the ANS releases acetylcholine...
Neurophysiology Jkc
Oculomotor nerve III Facial nerve VII Glossopharyngeal nerve IX Medulla oblongata Vagus nerve X Arrector smooth muscle of hair follicle Note Above three structures are shown at only one level but occur at all levels Note Blue-shaded areas indicate zones of parasympathetic outflow from CNS Oculomotor nerve III Facial nerve VII Glossopharyngeal nerve IX Medulla oblongata Vagus nerve X Arrector smooth muscle of hair follicle Note Above three structures are shown at only one level but occur at all...
Fibularis Longus
Common fibular peroneal nerve phantom Common fibular peroneal nerve L4, 5, S1, 2 Fibularis peroneus longus muscle cut Superficial fibular peroneal nerve Branches of lateral sural cutaneous nerve Inferior extensor retinaculum partially cut Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve branch of sural nerve Fibularis peroneus longus muscle cut Superficial fibular peroneal nerve Branches of lateral sural cutaneous nerve Inferior extensor retinaculum partially cut Lateral sural cutaneous nerve phantom Extensor...
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Superior lateral From axillary nerve cutaneous nerve of arm--- Superficial terminal branch Deep terminal branch Lateral epicondyle -Anconeus muscle Brachioradialis muscle Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle Supinator muscle Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle Extensor digitorum muscle and extensor digiti minimi muscle Posterior interosseous nerve continuation of deep branch of radial nerve distal to supinator muscle Superior lateral From axillary nerve cutaneous nerve of arm--- Inferior...
Hypophyseal Vein
Primary plexus of hypophyseal portal system Adenohypophysis anterior lobe of pituitary gland Primary plexus of hypophyseal portal system Efferent hypophyseal vein to cavernous sinus Neurohypophysis posterior lobe of pituitary gland Capillary plexus of infundibular process Efferent hypophyseal vein to cavernous sinus Efferent hypophyseal veins to cavernous sinus Efferent hypophyseal vein to cavernous sinus Secondary plexus of hypophyseal portal system Adenohypophysis anterior lobe of pituitary...
Hypogastric Plexus
Right and left sacral sympathetic trunks and ganglia Inferior hypogastric pelvic plexus Uterine fallopian tube Ovary Symphyseal surface of pubis Urinary bladder Vesical plexus Uterovaginal plexus Uterus retracted
Commissure Of Fornix
Genu of corpus callosum Head of caudate nucleus Columns of fornix Body of fornix Thalamus Uncus Crura of fornix Fimbria of hippocampus Hippocampus Commissure of fornix Splenium of corpus callosum Lateral ventricle The limbic system includes the hypothalamus and a collection of interconnected structures in the telencephalon cingulate, parahip-pocampal, and subcallosal gyri , as well as the amygdala and hip- pocampal formation. The limbic system functions in linking emotion and motivation...
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
Optic Nerve II Visual Pathway Schema Central darker circle represents macular zone Lighter shades represent monocular fields Oculomotor III , Trochlear IV and Abducent VI Nerves Schema NEUROANATOMY Internal carotid artery and nerve plexus Lateral rectus muscle and abducent nerve turned back Parasympathetic fibers Internal carotid artery and nerve plexus Lateral rectus muscle and abducent nerve turned back Parasympathetic fibers Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion Cavernous plexus Common...
Neuroanatomy Jpd
Nerves of Stomach and Duodenum continued Plexus on gastro-omental gastroepiploic arteries Plexus on gastro-omental gastroepiploic arteries Plexus on anterior superior and anterior inferior pancreatico-duodenal arteries Superior mesenteric ganglion and plexus Posterior gastric branch of posterior vagal trunk Hepatic branch of anterior vagal trunk via lesser omentum Branch from hepatic plexus to cardia via lesser omentum Right inferior phrenic artery and plexus Celiac branch of posterior vagal...
Cerebrospinal Ventricle
Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF Circulation of CSF ventricle phantom Superior sagittal sinus ventricle phantom Superior sagittal sinus Figure 2.11 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 2.11 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF circulates through the four brain ventricles two lateral ventricles and a third and fourth ventricle and in the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Most of the CSF is reabsorbed into the venous system through the arachnoid granulations and through the...
In Basis Pontis
Anterior corticospinal tract Lateral corticospinal tract Lateral aspect of cerebral cortex to show topographic projection of motor centers on precentral gyrus Lateral aspect of cerebral cortex to show topographic projection of motor centers on precentral gyrus Fibers originate in motor cortex and descend via posterior limb of internal capsule to basis pedunculi of midbrain Longitudinal bundles branch upon entering basis pontis and rejoin to enter pyramids of medulla At lower medulla, bulk of...
Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus
Recurrent meningeal branches of spinal nerve Spinal sensory dorsal root ganglion Lateral horn of gray matter of spinal cord Internal vertebral epidural venous plexus Spinal sensory dorsal root ganglion Lateral horn of gray matter of spinal cord Dorsal and ventral roots of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves forming cauda equina Internal vertebral epidural venous plexus Dorsal and ventral roots of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves forming cauda equina Arachnoid mater Ventral root Spinal nerve Ventral...
Ascending Pharyngeal Artery
Left middle meningeal artery Posterior cerebral artery Superior cerebellar artery Basilar artery Anterior communicating artery Ophthalmic artery Left labyrinthine internal acoustic artery Anterior communicating artery Ophthalmic artery Left labyrinthine internal acoustic artery Mastoid branch of left occipital artery Posterior inferior cerebellar artery Brachiocephalic trunk ,f,r gt - Internal thoracic artery ffij j Mastoid branch of left occipital artery Posterior meningeal branch of left...
Dorsal Root Filaments
Spinal Cord Membranes and Nerve Roots Ventral root of spinal nerve Dorsal root of spinal nerve Spinal sensory dorsal root ganglion Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve Dura mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater overlying spinal cord Filaments of dorsal root Membranes removed anterior view greatly magnified Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve Dura mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater overlying spinal cord Filaments of dorsal root Membranes removed anterior...
Anterior Branch Median Nerve
Note Only muscles innervated by ulnar nerve shown Flexor pollicis brevis muscle deep head only superficial head and other thenar muscles supplied by median nerve Flexor digitorum profundus muscle medial part only lateral part supplied by anterior interosseous branch of median nerve Communicating branch of median nerve with ulnar nerve Palmar and dorsal interosseous muscles -3rd and 4th lumbrical muscles turned down Proper palmar digital nerves dorsal digital nerves are from dorsal branch Dorsal...
Neurophysiology Ynl
Premotor orientation eye and head movements Prefrontal inhibitory control of behavior higher intelligence Prefrontal inhibitory control of behavior higher Cingulate gyrus emotional behavior and cingulum Prefrontal inhibitory control of behavior higher Corpus callosum Hippocampal commissure Anterior commissure Figure 2.19 Cerebral Cortex Localization of Function and Association Pathways The cerebral cortex is organized into functional regions. In addition to specific areas devoted to sensory and...
Info Fxb
Basilar membrane Supporting cells Spiral lamina Afferent nerve fibers Spiral ganglion Efferent nerve fibers As basilar membrane moves up, hairs are deflected outward, causing e, depolarization of hair cells and increased firing of afferent nerve fibers g The cochlea transduces sound into electrical signals. This is accomplished by the hair cells, which depolarize in response to vibration of the basilar membrane. The basilar membrane moves in response to pressure changes imparted on the oval...
Course Median Nerve
Note Only muscles innervated by median nerve shown Dorsal branches to dorsum of middle and distal phalanges Median nerve C5, 6, 7, 8, T1 Inconstant contribution Pronator teres muscle humeral head Articular branch Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle turned up Median nerve C5, 6, 7, 8, T1 Inconstant contribution Pronator teres muscle humeral head Articular branch Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle turned up Flexor digitorum profundus muscle lateral part supplied by median anterior...
Great Cerebral Vein Of Galen
Longitudinal cerebral fissure Anterior cerebral veins Rostrum of corpus callosum Septum pellucidum Anterior vein of septum pellucidum Head of caudate nucleus Anterior vein of caudate nucleus Transverse veins of caudate nucleus Interventricular foramen Monro Columns of fornix Superior thalamostriate vein Superior choroid vein and choroid plexus of lateral ventricle Thalamus Tela choroidea of 3rd ventricle Lateral direct vein Posterior vein of caudate nucleus Internal cerebral veins Basal vein...
Medial Plantar Nerve
Soleus muscle cut and partly retracted Soleus muscle cut and partly retracted Common fibular peroneal nerve Articular branch Lateral sural cutaneous nerve cut Common fibular peroneal nerve Articular branch Lateral sural cutaneous nerve cut Sural nerve S1, 2 via lateral calcaneal and lateral dorsal cutaneous branches Flexor digitorum brevis muscle and nerve Flexor hallucis brevis muscle and nerve Lateral calcaneal branch of sural nerve Nerve to abductor digiti minimi muscle interosseous muscles,...
Spinocerebellar Tract
Functional Subdivisions of Cerebellum From muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs Figure 2.21 Cerebellar Afferent Pathways Functional Subdivisions of Cerebellum External cuneate nucleus relay for proprioceptive information From muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs From skin and deep tissues pain and Golgi tendon organs From skin touch and pressure and from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs 2nd spinal projection area gracile lobule Archi-cerebellum vestibulo- j cerebellum...
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Radial Nerve in Arm and Nerves of Posterior Shoulder Levator scapulae muscle supplied also by branches from C3 and C4 Levator scapulae muscle supplied also by branches from C3 and C4 Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm Inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm Posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm Brachialis muscle lateral part remainder of muscle supplied by musculo-cutaneous nerve Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle Teres minor muscle Axillary nerve...
Trigeminal Tubercle
3rd ventricle Pulvinar of thalamus Pineal body Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Trochlear nerve IV Superior medullary velum Lateral recess Superior fovea Sulcus limitans Inferior fovea Trigeminal tubercle Hypoglossal trigone 4th ventricle Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle Medulla oblongata Median aperture foramen of Magendie Decussation of pyramids' Central canal of spinal cord Striae medullares Tenia of 4th ventricle Cuneate tubercle Gracile tubercle Dorsal median sulcus Lateral funiculus...
Superior Laryngeal Nerve
Oculomotor nerve III Facial nerve VII Glossopharyngeal nerve IX Vagus nerve X Internal carotid nerve and plexus Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion C4 spinal nerve Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion Vertebral ganglion Cervicothoracic stellate ganglion Sympathetic trunk Cervical sympathetic P .1.' cardiac nerves Middle ' Thoracic sympathetic cardiac nerves 6th intercostal nerve ventral ramus of T6 spinal nerve Lumbar splanchnic nerves sympathetic Sacral splanchnic nerves sympathetic Pelvic...
Nerves In The Cervical Area
Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion Conjoined sympathetic and vagal superior cervical cardiac nerves Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion Middle cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve Inferior cervical vagal cardiac nerve Inferior cervical sympathetic cardiac nerves Thoracic cardiac branch of vagus nerve Thoracic sympathetic cardiac branches Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion Superior cervical sympathetic cardiac nerve Superior cervical vagal cardiac nerve Middle cervical sympathetic...
Neuroanatomy Fmy
Left superior and inferior colliculi Basal vein Rosenthal Posterior mesencephalic vein Medial geniculate body Lateral mesencephalic vein Lateral geniculate body Splenium of corpus callosum Great cerebral vein Galen Dorsal vein of corpus callosum Inferior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Petrosal vein draining to superior petrosal sinus Vein of lateral recess of 4th ventricle Superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles Falx cerebelli cut and occipital sinus Inferior cerebellar hemispheric...
Neuroanatomy Ncz
Posterior veins of septum pellucidum Superior thalamic veins Superior choroid vein Transverse veins of caudate nucleus Superior thalamostriate vein Lateral ventricle Posterior terminal vein of caudate nucleus posterior part of thalamostriate vein Internal cerebral veins right and left Medial atrial vein of lateral ventricle Lateral atrial vein of lateral ventricle Occipital posterior horn of lateral ventricle Veins on medial wall and floor of ventricle Temporal inferior horn of lateral...