Anatomy Sgr
Primary Site. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped saccular organ located under the liver in the gallbladder fossa. It has three parts a fundus, a body, and a neck that tapers into the cystic duct. The wall of the gallbladder is much thinner than that of the intestine and lacks a circular and transverse muscle layer. The wall has a mucosa that is, an epithelial lining and lamina propria , a smooth muscle layer analogous to the muscularis propria of the small intestine, perimuscular connective...
Info Eit
pN3a Metastasis in 10 or more axillary lymph nodes at least one tumor deposit greater than 2.0mm , or metastasis to the infraclavicular lymph nodes Figure 25.18 pN3b Metastasis in clinically apparent 1 ipsilateral internal mammary lymph nodes in the presence of 1 or more positive axillary lymph nodes or in more than 3 axillary lymph nodes and in internal mammary lymph nodes with microscopic disease detected by internal mammary nodes with no axillary lymph node involvement. internal mammary...
Anatomy 1
Primary Site. The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermillion junction of the lips to the junction of the hard and soft palate above and to the line of circum-vallate papillae below Figures 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and is divided into the following specific Sites Lip. The lip begins at the junction of the vermillion border with the skin and includes only the vermillion surface or that portion of the lip that comes into contact with the opposing lip. It is well defined into an upper and lower lip...
T4
FIGURE 4.8. A,B. T4 is defined as a tumor with intracranial extension A and or involvement of cranial nerves B , infratemporal fossa, hypopharynx, orbit, or masticator space. FIGURE 4.8. A,B. T4 is defined as a tumor with intracranial extension A and or involvement of cranial nerves B , infratemporal fossa, hypopharynx, orbit, or masticator space. T4 Tumor with intracranial extension and or involvement of cranial nerves, infratemporal fossa, hypopharynx, orbit, or masticator space Figures 4.8A,...
Regional Lymph Nodes The regional lymph nodes for the renal pelvis are
The regional lymph nodes for the ureter are Renal hilar Iliac common, internal hypogastric , external Any amount of regional lymph node metastasis is a poor prognostic finding and outcome is minimally influenced by the number, size, or location of the regional nodes that are involved. Metastatic Sites. Distant spread is most commonly to the lung, bone, or liver.
Anatomy Ssj
Primary Site. The renal pelvis and the ureter form a single unit that is continuous with the collecting ducts of the renal pyramids and comprises the minor and major calyces, which are continuous with the renal pelvis. The ureteropelvic junction is variable in position and location but serves as a landmark that separates the renal pelvis and the ureter, which continues caudad and traverses the wall of the urinary bladder as the intramural ureter opening in the trigone of the bladder at the...
Distant Metastasis M
MX Distant metastasis cannot be assessed Ml IV Distant metastasis excludes metastasis within the peritoneal FIGURE 31.3. Two views of T1c tumor limited to one left of dotted line or both tubes with extension onto or through the tubal serosa, or with malignant cells in ascites or peritoneal washings right of the dotted line . FIGURE 31.3. Two views of T1c tumor limited to one left of dotted line or both tubes with extension onto or through the tubal serosa, or with malignant cells in ascites or...
Anatomy Tey
Primary Sites and Subsites. The pharynx is divided into three regions nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx Figures 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 . Each region is fUrther subdivided into specific sites as summarized in the following Nasopharynx. The nasopharynx begins anteriorly at the posterior choana and extends along the plane of the airway to the level of the free border of the soft palate. It includes the vault, the lateral walls including the fossae of Rosenmuller and the mucosa covering the torus...
Definitions Vsg
TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor T1 I Disease limited to uterus Figure 32.1 T2 II Disease outside of uterus but limited to genital structures ovary, tube, vagina, broad ligaments Figure 32.2 MX Metastasis cannot be assessed M1a III Lung metastasis Figure 32.3 M1b IV All other distant metastasis Figure 32.4 Note There is no regional nodal staging for this tumor. FIGURE 32.1. Two views of T1 disease confined to the uterus tumor confined to endometrium left side...
Anatomy Mur
Primary Site. The anatomic subsites of the anal canal are illustrated in Figure 13.1. The anal canal begins where the rectum enters the puborectalis sling at the apex of the anal sphincter complex palpable as the anorectal ring on digital 2. Squamous epithelium devoid of hair and glands not skin FIGURE 13.1. Anatomic subsites of the anal canal. 2. Squamous epithelium devoid of hair and glands not skin FIGURE 13.1. Anatomic subsites of the anal canal. exam and ends at the squamous mucocutaneous...
Info Bjj
Primary Site. The thyroid gland ordinarily is composed of a right and a left lobe lying adjacent and lateral to the upper trachea and esophagus. An isthmus connects the two lobes, and in some cases a pyramidal lobe is present extending upward anterior to the thyroid cartilage Figure 8.1 . Regional Lymph Nodes. Regional lymph node spread from thyroid cancer is common but of less prognostic significance in patients with well-differentiated tumors papillary, follicular than in medullary cancers....
Definitions Tic
All categories may be subdivided a solitary tumor, b multifocal tumor the largest determines the classification . TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor T1 Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid Figure 8.2 T2 Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid Figure 8.3 T3 Tumor more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid or any tumor with minimal extrathyroid extension e.g., extension to...
Medial Wall Of Orbit
FIGURE 6.2. T1 is limited to the maxillary sinus mucosa. FIGURE 6.2. T1 is limited to the maxillary sinus mucosa. FIGURE 6.3. T2 causes bone erosion or destruction including extension into the hard palate and or middle nasal meatus with the exception of extension to posterior wall of maxillary sinus and pterygoid plates. Tumor invades any of the following bone of the posterior wall of maxillary sinus, subcutaneous tissues, floor or medial wall of orbit, pterygoid fossa, ethmoid sinuses. T4b...
Info Egp
the following confluent visceral pleural tumor including fissure invasion of diaphragmatic muscle as illustrated and or invasion of lung parenchyma as illustrated . the following confluent visceral pleural tumor including fissure invasion of diaphragmatic muscle as illustrated and or invasion of lung parenchyma as illustrated . Confluent visceral pleural tumor including fissure Invasion of diaphragmatic muscle Invasion of lung parenchyma T3 1 Tumor involves any of the ipsilateral pleural...
Info Fdy
4 Perimuscular tissue mesentery, retroperitoneal adventitia, or subserosa FIGURE 11.5. T3 is defined as tumor invading into the nonperitonealized perimuscular tissue mesentery or retroperitoneum with extension 2 cm or less whereas T4 directly invades other organs or structures includes, mesentery, or retroperitoneum more than 2 cm. NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed NO No regional lymph node metastasis N1 Regional lymph node metastasis MX Distant metastasis cannot be assessed MO No...
Info Mtg
invasion of the right portal vein and gallbladder. invasion of the right portal vein and gallbladder. FIGURE 16.5. A. T4 is defined as tumor that invades any of the following main portal vein or its branches bilaterally, common hepatic artery, or other adjacent structures, such as the colon, stomach, duodenum, or abdominal wall. Here, tumor invades the common hepatic artery and bilateral branches of the portal vein. B. T4 tumor invading the stomach. FIGURE 16.5. A. T4 is defined as tumor that...
T2 Rbk
FIGURE 13.4. Two views of T2 showing tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. On the right side of the diagram, the tumor extends above the dentate line. FIGURE 13.4. Two views of T2 showing tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. On the right side of the diagram, the tumor extends above the dentate line. FIGURE 13.5. T3 is defined as tumor more than 5cm in greatest dimension. FIGURE 13.5. T3 is defined as tumor more than 5cm in greatest...
T2 Guf
FIGURE 19.4. T2 is defined as a tumor with any of the following features of size or extent more than 3 cm in greatest dimension involving main bronchus, 2 cm or more distal to the carina invades the visceral pleura associated with atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis that extends to the hilar region but does not involve the entire lung. Atelectasis or obstructive pneumonia of the entire lung FIGURE 19.5. T3 is defined as a tumor of any size that directly invades any of the following chest...
Anatomy Tuv
The anatomical subsites of the colon and rectum are illustrated in Figures 12.1 and 12.2, respectively. The divisions of the colon and rectum are as follows Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Primary Site. The large intestine colorectum extends from the terminal ileum to the anal canal. Excluding the rectum and vermiform appendix, the colon is divided into four parts the right or ascending colon, the middle or transverse colon, the...
Carotid Artery Esophagus
FIGURE 4.17. A. T4a tumor of the hypopharynx with invasion of the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and thyroid gland. B. T4a tumor of the hypopharynx with invasion of the esophagus. FIGURE 4.18. T4b tumor the hypopharynx with invasion of the carotid artery and prevertebral fascia. FIGURE 4.18. T4b tumor the hypopharynx with invasion of the carotid artery and prevertebral fascia.
N1 1
FIGURE 18.8. D. N1 is defined as regional lymph node metastasis. Here, the primary tumor is located in the tail of pancreas with multiple nodal metastases in the tail of pancreas and hilum of spleen. FIGURE 18.8. D. N1 is defined as regional lymph node metastasis. Here, the primary tumor is located in the tail of pancreas with multiple nodal metastases in the tail of pancreas and hilum of spleen.
Definitions Ixy
TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor T1 Solitary tumor without vascular invasion Figure 14.3 T2 Solitary tumor with vascular invasion or multiple tumors, none more than 5 cm Figures 14.4A, B T3 Multiple tumors more than 5 cm or tumor involving a major branch of the portal or hepatic vein s Figures 14.5A, B T4 Tumor s with direct invasion of adjacent organs other than the gallbladder or with perforation of visceral peritoneum Figure 14.6 NX Regional lymph nodes...
I I
FIGURE 12.9. A. Two views of N2, which is defined as metastasis in 4 or more regional lymph nodes. FIGURE 12.9. A. Two views of N2, which is defined as metastasis in 4 or more regional lymph nodes. FIGURE 12.10. M1 disease is defined as distant metastasis, in this case outside the regional nodes of the primary tumor. FIGURE 12.10. M1 disease is defined as distant metastasis, in this case outside the regional nodes of the primary tumor. FIGURE 12.11. T4 left side has perforated the visceral...
Definitions Of Tnm Jik
IMIG Staging System for Diffuse Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Primary Tumor T TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor T1 Tumor involves ipsilateral parietal pleura, with or without focal involvement of visceral pleura T1a Tumor involves ipsilateral parietal mediastinal, diaphragmatic pleura no involvement of the visceral pleura Figure 20.1 T1b Tumor involves ipsilateral parietal mediastinal, diaphragmatic pleura, with focal involvement of the visceral pleura Figure...
Info Pwh
Regional Lymph Nodes. The lymphatic drainage occurs by the utero-ovarian and round ligament trunks and an external iliac accessory route into the following regional nodes Common iliac Para-aortic Inguinal Pelvic, NOS Retroperitoneal, NOS For pN0, histologic examination should include both pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes. Figure 30.1 illustrates the regional lymph nodes. Metastatic Sites. The peritoneum, including the omentum and the pelvic and abdominal visceral and parietal peritoneum,...
Anatomy Oqn
Primary Site. The anatomic subsites of the stomach are illustrated in Figure 10.1. The stomach is the first division of the abdominal portion of the alimentary tract, beginning at the gastroesophageal junction and extending to the pylorus. The proximal stomach is located immediately below the diaphragm and is termed the cardia. The remaining portions are the fundus body of the stomach and the distal portion of the stomach known as the antrum. The pylorus is a muscular ring that controls the...
T1 Vcu
FIGURE 7.1. T1 is defined as a tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension a coronal section thru the floor of the mouth with tumor of the submandibular gland is shown . FIGURE 7.2. T2 is defined as a tumor greater than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension an axial section with tumor of the deep lobe of the parotid gland is shown . FIGURE 7.2. T2 is defined as a tumor greater than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in...
C503
FIGURE 25.1. Anatomic sites and subsites of the breast. FIGURE 25.2. Schematic diagram of the breast and regional lymph nodes. FIGURE 25.2. Schematic diagram of the breast and regional lymph nodes. internal jugular vein medial border , and the clavicle and subclavian vein lower border . Adjacent lymph nodes outside of this triangle are considered to be lower cervical nodes M1 . Metastatic Sites. Tumor cells may be disseminated by either the lymphatic or the blood vascular system. The four major...
Thyroid Capsule
FIGURE 8.5. A. T4a is defined as a tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. B. Cross-sectional diagram of three different parameters of T4a tumor invading subcutaneous soft tissues tumor invading trachea tumor invading esophagus. FIGURE 8.5. A. T4a is defined as a tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or...
Celiac Lymph Nodes
the pancreas but without involvement of the celiac axis or the superior mesenteric artery. Left of the dotted line tumor invades the common bile duct without involving the superior mesenteric artery. Right of the dotted line tumor invades peripancreatic tissues without involving the celiac axis. the pancreas but without involvement of the celiac axis or the superior mesenteric artery. Left of the dotted line tumor invades the common bile duct without involving the superior mesenteric artery....
Iiia
Cervical carcinoma confined to uterus extension to corpus should be disregarded Invasive carcinoma diagnosed only by microscopy. 1 All macroscopically visible lesions even with superficial invasion are T1b IB. Stromal invasion with a maximal depth of 5.0 mm measured from the base of the epithelium and a horizontal spread of 7.0 mm or less. Vascular space involvement, venous or lymphatic, does not affect classification. Figure 28.3 Measured stromal invasion 3.0 mm or less in depth and 7.0 mm or...
Lymph Node Bladder
Lateral wall C67.2 Anterior wall C67.3 FIGURE 38.1. Anatomical sites and subsites of the urinary bladder. Lateral wall C67.2 Anterior wall C67.3 FIGURE 38.1. Anatomical sites and subsites of the urinary bladder. ultimate cure is whether the tumor is confined to the bladder, and a major adverse prognostic feature is the presence of any lymph nodal metastases. Regional nodes include FIGURE 38.2. Regional lymph nodes of the urinary bladder. FIGURE 38.2. Regional lymph nodes of the urinary bladder....
N1 Jgj
FIGURE 19.7. N1 is defined as metastasis to ipsilateral peribronchial left side of diagram and or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes right side of diagram , and intrapulmonary nodes including involvement by direct extension of the primary tumor. FIGURE 19.7. N1 is defined as metastasis to ipsilateral peribronchial left side of diagram and or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes right side of diagram , and intrapulmonary nodes including involvement by direct extension of the primary tumor.
Info Dxa
Jejunum and Ileum. The jejunum 8 feet in length and ileum 12 feet in length extend from the junction with the duodenum proximally to the ileoce-cal valve distally. The division point between the jejunum and the ileum is arbitrary. As a general rule, the jejunum includes the proximal 40 and the ileum includes the distal 60 of the small intestine, exclusive of the duodenum. General. The jejunal and ileal portions of the small intestine are supported by the mesentery, which is a fold of the...
T2 Sdn
FIGURE 37.1. Ta is defined as papillary noninvasive carcinoma T1 is defined as tumor invading subepithelial connective tissue T2 is defined as tumor invading the muscularis. FIGURE 37.1. Ta is defined as papillary noninvasive carcinoma T1 is defined as tumor invading subepithelial connective tissue T2 is defined as tumor invading the muscularis. FIGURE 37.2. T3 for renal pelvis only, top of diagram tumor invades beyond muscularis into peripelvic fat or the renal parenchyma. T3 for ureter only,...
Info Vcp
staging. It is important to obtain at least 12-14 lymph nodes in radical colon and rectum resections however, in cases in which tumor is resected for palliation or in patients who have received preoperative radiation, only a few lymph nodes may be present. A pN0 determination may be assessed when these nodes are histologically negative, even though fewer than the recommended number of nodes have been analyzed. The regional lymph nodes for each segment of the large bowel are designated as...
B Kdc
Epithelium Subepithelial connective tissue Prostatic stroma FIGURE 39.8. A. The definition of Tis pu for urothelial transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate above dotted lines is carcinoma in situ, involvement of the prostatic urethra. T1 below dotted lines is defined as tumor invading subepithelial connective tissue. B. Definitions of primary tumor T for urothelial transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate for Tis pd, T1, and T2 with depth of invasion ranging from the epithelium to the...
Info Ujj
The intrapelvic, external iliac, and inguinal nodes are considered regional only after scrotal or inguinal surgery prior to the presentation of the testis tumor. All nodes outside the regional nodes are distant. Nodes along the spermatic vein are considered regional. Metastatic Site. Distant spread of testicular tumors occurs most commonly to the lymph nodes, followed by metastases to the lung, liver, bone, and other visceral sites. Stage is dependent on the extent of disease and on the...
Info Czc
Regional Lymph Nodes. The regional lymph nodes, illustrated in Figure 36.2, are FIGURE 36.1. Anatomical sites and subsites of the kidney. FIGURE 36.1. Anatomical sites and subsites of the kidney. Aortic para-aortic, periaortic, lateral aortic Retroperitoneal, NOS Metastatic Sites. Common metastatic sites include bone, liver, lung, brain, and distant lymph nodes.
N3
FIGURE 4.21. N3 for nasopharynx cancer may be categorized as N3a left for metastasis in a lymph node s greater than 6cm in dimension and or N3b right metastatic to the supraclavicular fossa. FIGURE 4.21. N3 for nasopharynx cancer may be categorized as N3a left for metastasis in a lymph node s greater than 6cm in dimension and or N3b right metastatic to the supraclavicular fossa. N1 Unilateral metastasis in lymph node s , 6cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa 3...
N3 1
FIGURE 19.9. N3 is defined as metastasis to contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node s whereas Ml is defined as distant metastasis. FIGURE 19.9. N3 is defined as metastasis to contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node s whereas Ml is defined as distant metastasis.
Info Wcm
Figure 29.2. T2 tumor invades cervix but does not extend beyond uterus.T2a left is T2 tumor limited to the glandular epithelium of the endocervix with no evidence of connective tissue stromal invasion. T2b right is T2 tumor that has invaded the stromal connective tissue of the cervix. Figure 29.3. T3a right is a tumor involving serosa and or adnexa by direct extension or metastasis and or cancer cells in ascites or peritoneal washings. T3b left is a tumor with vaginal involvement by direct...
Peripancreatic Lymph Nodes
Primary Site. The ampulla is a small dilated duct less than 1.5cm long,formed in most individuals by the union of the terminal segments of the pancreatic and common bile ducts Figure 17.1 . In 42 of individuals, however, the ampulla is the termination of the common duct only, the pancreatic duct having its own entrance into the duodenum adjacent to ampulla. In these individuals, the ampulla may be difficult to locate or even nonexistent. The ampulla opens into the duodenum, usually on the...
Definitions Xxz
T1 Tumor limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility Figures 5.3A, B T2 Tumor invades mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis e.g., mucosa of base of tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus without fixation of the larynx Figures 5.4A, B T3 Tumor limited to larynx with vocal cord fixation and or invades any of the following postcricoid area, pre-epiglottic tissues, paraglottic space, and or minor...
T4 Vsd
Figure 9.5. T4 tumor that invades adjacent structures tracheobronchial involvement is shown . Figure 9.5. T4 tumor that invades adjacent structures tracheobronchial involvement is shown . Figure 9.6. For carcinomas of the cervical esophagus, lymph node involvement outside the cervical and supraclavicular region, as illustrated here in the mediastinal region, is defined as M1 disease. Figure 9.6. For carcinomas of the cervical esophagus, lymph node involvement outside the cervical and...
Definitions Mwg
TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed e.g., shave biopsy or regressed melanoma TO No evidence of primary tumor Tis Melanoma in situ T1 Melanoma 1.0mm with or without ulceration Figures 24.1A-D T1a Melanoma 1.0mm in thickness and level II or III, no ulceration Figure 24.2 T1b Melanoma 1.0mm in thickness and level IV or V or with ulceration Figures 24.3A, B T2 Melanoma 1.01-2.0mm in thickness with or without ulceration T2a Melanoma 1.01-2.0mm in thickness, no ulceration Figure 24.4 T2b Melanoma...
Info Dvj
pancreaticoduodenal nodes Anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal nodes Anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal nodes Anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal nodes Anterior and posterior FIGURE 18.3. Regional lymph nodes of the pancreas anterior view . FIGURE 18.3. Regional lymph nodes of the pancreas anterior view . FIGURE 18.4. Regional lymph nodes of the pancreas anterior view with pancreatic body removed to reveal retroperitoneal vessels and lymph nodes . FIGURE 18.4. Regional...
Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis
FIGURE 25.11. N1 is defined as metastasis in movable ipsilateral axillary lymph node s . FIGURE 25.11. N1 is defined as metastasis in movable ipsilateral axillary lymph node s . FIGURE 25.12. N2a is defined as metastasis in ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes fixed to one another matted or to other structures. FIGURE 25.12. N2a is defined as metastasis in ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes fixed to one another matted or to other structures. internal mammary lymph node s and in the presence of...
N3 Coh
FIGURE 33.10. A. N3 Metastasis in deep inguinal, as shown above, or pelvic lymph node s , unilateral or bilateral. B. N3 Metastasis in unilateral pelvic lymph node s . C. N3 Metastasis in bilateral pelvic lymph node s . FIGURE 33.10. A. N3 Metastasis in deep inguinal, as shown above, or pelvic lymph node s , unilateral or bilateral. B. N3 Metastasis in unilateral pelvic lymph node s . C. N3 Metastasis in bilateral pelvic lymph node s .
Cantlie S Line Liver
Primary Site. The liver has a dual blood supply the hepatic artery, which branches from the celiac artery, and the portal vein, which drains the intestine. Blood from the liver passes through the hepatic vein and enters the inferior vena cava. The liver is divided into right and left lobes by a plane Cantlie's line projecting between the gallbladder fossa and the vena cava and defined by the middle hepatic vein Figure 14.1 . Couinaud refined knowledge about the functional anatomy of the liver...