Conclusion Bok
The artemisinin-like antimalarial drugs are remarkable because of their high potency and low toxicity. The selectivity of these agents appears to be due to their activation by haem iron which is present in significant amounts only in red blood cells which are infected with malaria parasites. However, the precise mechanism s by which artemisinin kills malaria parasites remains speculative while the reaction of artemisinin with haem has been shown to yield a variety of reactive products these...
Other Species Of Artemisia Used In Traditional Chinese Medicine
There are 184 artemisia species and 44 varieties found in China. Most of them are distributed in the north, northeast and north west of China, with some in eastern, central and southern areas. Most species of Artemisia contain polyacetylenes, flavonoids and terpenoids but some species also contain other types of constituents such as cyanogenic glycosides and coumarins. According to a national survey of the medicinal plants of China, more than sixty Artemisia species are used in different areas...
Introduction Nbo
The genus Artemisia is a member of the large and evolutionary advanced plant family Asteraceae Compositae . More than 300 different species comprise this diverse genus which is mainly found in arid and semi-arid areas of Europe, America, North Africa as well as in Asia Heywood and Humphries, 1977 . Artemisia species are widely used as medicinal plants in folk medicine. Some species such as A. absinthium, A. annua or A. vulgaris have even been incorporated into the pharmacopoeias of several...
References Fvd
Akhila, A. and Tiwari, R. 1986 Chemistry of davana oil a review. CROMAP, 8 3 , 128-138. Akhila, A. Sharma, P.K. and Thakur, R.S. 1986 A novel biosynthesis of irregular sesquiterpene artemone in Artemisia pattens. Tetrahedron Lett., 27, 5885-5888. Alankararao, G.S.J.G. and Rajendra Prasad, Y. 1981 Investigations on the antibacterial activity of essential oils from Artemisia pattens Wall. amp Artemisia vulgaris Linn. Indian Perfum., 25, 110-111. Alankara Rao, G.S.J.G and Rajendra Prasad, Y. 1981a...
Resistance Of Malaria Parasites To Artemisininlike Agents
In the late 1950's resistance of P. falciparum to chloroquine was first reported and this is now widespread furthermore, resistance to other antimalarial drugs including quinine and mefloquine has also emerged and is increasing. In some parts of south east Asia artemisinin derivatives are the only effective agents for the treatment of malaria caused by multi-drug resistant P. falciparum and so the development of resistance to these agents would be a very worrying prospect. Artemisinin-resistant...
Clinical Studies
The currently available preparations of artemisinin and its derivatives are artesunate for intravenous injection, oral tablets, and suppositories, artemether in oil for intramuscular injection and as oral capsules, arteether for intramuscular injection, and dihydroartemisinin in tablets Looareesuwan and Wilairatana, 1997 . China and Vietnam are the main producer countries. Artemisinin and its derivatives have been imported into many countries in Southeast-Asia and to a few African countries....
Isolation And Extraction Of Artemisinin
Chinese workers have reported that 30 other species of Artemisia have been examined but none yield extracts with antimalarial activity Anon., 1981 . American workers have extracted 10 species of Artemisia but again, none except A. annua were found to contain artemisinin Klayman et al., 1984 . In India, screening of 13 Artemisia species was carried out but only A. annua contained artemisinin Balachandran et al., 1987 . The Chinese literature does not provide details of isolation methods used to...
Preface
The genus Artemisia comprises some 400 species including a number which are important for their medicinal properties. Chief among these is A. annua, the source of the antimalarial drug artemisinin. According to a legend, in the 5th century B.C. the city of Selinus in Sicily was delivered from a plague thought to be malaria and this event was commemorated by the minting of a coin. The obverse of the Selinus coin figure la , shows a chariot driven by Artemis representing the women of the city who...
Chemical Constituents
Owing to its antimalarial properties A. annua has been the subject of a detailed chemical investigation by scientists throughout the world in order to isolate both major and minor secondary metabolites. Several classes of compounds have been found as detailed below. A large number of monoterpenoid compounds have been characterised from the essential oil of A. annua by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS analysis. The yield of the oil generally varies between 0.3 and 0.4 v w . In 1993,...
Info Jxg
Figure 4 Relationship between plant population density p and total dry leaf yield t ha l a gt 0.003764 0.00131p , a gt wt plant Adapted from Laughlin, 1993 . 7 and 11 plants m2 and obtained the highest biomass at the highest density. In Australia Tasmania a field experiment with a Yugoslavian strain compared 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants m2 at a November transplanting and found that leaf dry matter yield increased up to a density of 20 plants m2 Fig. 4 . However yield at 10 plants m2 Fig. 5 was...
References Gfb
Akhila, A., Rani, K. and Thakur, R.S. 1990 Biosynthesis of artemisinic acid in Artemisia annua. Phytocbem., 29, 2129-2132. Anon. 1977 Co-ordinating Group of Research on the structure of Qing Hau Sau. A new type of sesquiterpene lactone-Qing Hau Sau. K'O Hsueh Tung Pao, 22, 142. Cbem. Abs. 1977, 87, 98788 . Anon. 1979 Qinghaosu Antimalarial Co-ordinating Research Group. Antimalarial studies on Qinghaosu, Artemisia annua. Chin. Med. ., 92, 811-816. Anon. 1981 Fourth meeting of the Scientific...
artemisinin
The total organic synthesis of artemisinin has been achieved, but is very complicated and only very low yields are obtained that are not commercially attractive. Therefore, the plant is still the only valid source for artemisinin Woerdenbag et al., 1990, 1994a . In the plant, artemisinin is biosynthesised via artemisinic acid see chapter 12 . Two new biosynthetic intermediates, dihydroartemisinic acid and its hydroperoxide derivative have been identified in A. annua plants of Vietnamese origin...
Peter A Linley
The School Of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, INTRODUCTION SYNONYMS AND LOCAL NAMES Artemisia vulgaris L., most commonly known as Mugwort, is a species of wide distribution throughout Europe, Asia and north America. Several other common names are listed by Grieve 1994 and Bisset 1994 including Felon Herb, Wild Wormwood and St. John's Plant, noting that the latter name should not be confused with St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum. The historical derivation of these names is...
References Wrp
Acton, N., Klayman, D.L. and Rollman, I.J. 1985 Reductive electrochemical H PLC assay for artemisinin qinghaosu . Planta Med., 51, 445-446. Anon. 1979 Qinghaosu Antimalarial Coordinating Research Group. Antimalarial studies on qinghaosu. Chin. Med. J., 92, 811-816. Anon. 1982 China Cooperative Group on Qinghaosu and its derivatives as Antimalarials. Chemical studies on qinghaosu Artemisinin . . Trad. Chin. Med., 2, 3-8. Anon. 1996 The wrong resistance. Editorial, New Scientist, 151, No. 2038,...
Site And Soil Selection
The ideal site selection for A. annua cultivation would depend on the scale of operation and the location of commercial extraction plants. The concentration of artemisinin in A. annua see Germplasm is relatively low and the total fresh plant yield from which the chemical is extracted can be as high as 100t ha and greater. Generally it would seem that the extraction and processing plant should be as close as possible to the area of production, or vice versa depending on circumstances, to...
Artemisia Princeps
Chemical structures are indicated by page numbers in italics. Abdominal pain, 65 Abortifacient, 69, 145 Abraham's reaction, 64 Abrotanum section , 6, 7, 8, 27 Abrotine, 55 Abscesses, 109 Abscicic acid, 214, 215 methyl ester, 214, 215 Absinthe, 11, 12, 57, 79, 81, 99, 114, 159 Absinthin, 11, 12, 22, 55, 56, 58, 59, 82, 83, 99 Absinthism, 56 Absinthium, 79 Absinthium, section, 6, 7, 8, 27 Absinthol, 82 Absorption, of artemisinin and derivatives, 228,229 Acetin-7-glycoside, 27 Acetoeugenol, 128...
Botany 1
The botanical description of davana, as given by Narayana et al. 1978 , is as follows Davana is an annual, erect, branched, aromatic herb, 40-60 cm high and covered with greyish-white tomentose. Leaves are bluish-green in colour, alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, lobed to pinnatisect and covered with greyish-white tomentose. Capitula are peduncled to sessile, axillary or forming lax racemes, simple, heterogamous with yellow florets. Involucre, two or more seriate, with ovate to...
Info Xyn
production, i.e. the correlation of the biosynthesis of artemisinin and related compounds with flowering which is typical of mature plants Gulati et al, 1996 . Ferreira et al 1995a 1995b by studying A. annua in greenhouse, tissue culture and open field, found that artemisinin content was 4- to 11-fold higher in flowers than in leaves and that favourable results could be expected by intercrossing selected high artemisinin-yielding clones which had been grown in the greenhouse with prolonged...
thujone
structure Fig. 2 and artabsin Fig. 3 . Small amounts of matricin may be present. Anabsinthin is an artifact, formed after isomerisation of absinthin Steinegger and Hansel 1992 . In full bloom, the amount of bitter substances is almost doubled Schneider and Mielke 1979 . The plant also contains flavonoids, e.g. artemisitin, polyacetylenes, pelanolides non-bitter sesquiterpenes and phenylcarbolic acids Wichtl, 1989 . Thujones are neurotoxic and cause absinthism. They affect the central nervous...
Info Ivm
Table 3 Compounds identified from Artemisia pallens. 2. Sipma and Van der Wal 1968 6. Thomas and Pitton 1971 Thomas and Dubini 1974a 12. Lamparsky and Klimes 1985 Klimes and Lamparsky 1986 Hydrocarbons 20 esters 65 alcohols and other oxygenated compounds 15 Fenchyl alcohol cinnamyl cinnamate caryophyllene cadinene Davanone as c s-davanone Linalool dehydro-a-linalool terpinen-4-ol nordavanone ira s- erythro -davanafuran ira s- threo -davanafuran ds- erythro -davanafuran and Camphene p-cymene...
Reported Uses Of Artemisia Herbaalba In Folk Medicine
Artemisia herba-alba is used in the Middle East against a variety of ailments including enteritis and intestinal disturbance Yashphe et al, 1987 . In a study aimed at revealing the rationale for the described use of these plants the essential oil of A. herba-alba was tested against various bacteria that reportedly cause intestinal problems as well as for antispasmodic activity on the rabbit jejunum. The essential oil of A. herba-alba collected in Israel showed antibacterial activity for example...
Biosynthesis And Sites Of Synthesis Of Some Artemisia Secondary Metabolites
As we described in the previous section, the main secondary products of the genus Artemisia are terpenoids and flavonoids. The biochemical pathways and site of synthesis of most of these molecules have been investigated during the last two decades and this section will review some of the anatomical and biochemical features of metabolite production. We will start from the sites of synthesis and then give a short review of the biochemical pathways leading to the production of the most common...
References Koq
Alin, M.H., Ashton, M., Kihamia, C.M., Mtey, G.J. and Bjorkman, A. 1996a Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of artemisinin monotherapy and in comination with mefloquine in patients with falciparum malaria. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 41, 587-592. Alin, M.H., Ashton, M., Kihamia, C.M., Mtey, G.J. and Bjorkman, A. 1996b Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of oral artemsinin and comparison of its efficacy with that of oral artesunate in falciparum malaria patients. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.,...
Info Fnk
malarial activity while the artemisinin analogue, 32, was about 2 3 of the potency of artemisinin itself. One other candidate which has been proposed as an alkylating agent is one of the iron degradation products of the 3-phenyltrioxane, 33. Reaction of the latter with ferrous bromide yielded a ring-contracted acetal analogous to 17 plus a smaller amount of a diketone, 34 which was tested for antiplasmodial activity because dicarbonyl compounds are known to alkylate proteins Posner et al., 1996...
Q260
Figure 5 Derivatization of artemisinin The closely related sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide artemisitene, that may co-occur with artemisinin in the plant, can be assayed simply and selectively using reversed-phase HPLC with ultraviolet UV detection at 216 nm El-Domiaty et al., 1991 . A general HPLC method with UV detection for the determination of -lactones, including artemisinin, in plant material has been described by Rey et al. 1992 . Ferreira et al. 1994 presented an improved method for...
Artabsin
Formerly, A. absinthium was used in, among others, France, Switzerland, Belgium and Germany for the preparation of the strong alcoholic beverage absinth. The manufacture and consumption of this drink is currently banned because of the high toxicity of the thujones Samuelsson 1992, Tyler 1994 . A. absinthium is a perennial herb, 60-120 cm tall, densely covered with hairs on the stems and leaves, giving the plant a greyish appearance Steinegger and H nsel 1972 . The inflorescences are racemes of...
References 1
Acton, N., Klayman, D.L. and Rollman, I.J. 1985 Reductive electrochemical HPLC assay for artemisinin qinghaosu . Planta Med., 51, 445-446. Adams, R.P. 1989 Identification of Essential Oils by Ion Trap Mass Spectroscopy, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, New York, Berkeley, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto. Albasini, A., Bianchi, A., Melegari, M., Vampa, G., Pecorari, P. and Rinadi, M. 1983 Indagini su pianti di Artemisia dracunculus L. s.l. Estrogone Fitoterapia, 54, 229-235. Bergendorff,...
References Trd
Akhila, A., Thakur, R. and Popli, S.P. 1987 Biosynthesis of artemisinin in Artemisia annua. Phytochemistry, 26, 1927-1930. Anonyme. 1979 Qinghaosu Antimalaria Coordinating Research Group. Antimalarial studies on qinghaosu. Chin. Med. ., 92, 811-816. Anonyme. 1980 Qinghaosu Research Group. Sci. Sin. 23, 280. Benakis, A. Ed. , 1996 Qinghaosu and its derivatives. Jap. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 24, suppl. 1, pp. 101 Briggs, D. and Walters, S.M. 1988 Plant variation and evolution. Cambridge University...
References Qwx
Anon. 1979 China Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2, 49. Anon. 1992 Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, English edition of the Chinese 1990 Pharmacopoeia. Gaungdong Science and Technology press, Guangzhou, China, p. 91. Cardini, F. and Huang, W. 1998 Moxibustion for correction of breech presentation - A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 1580-1584. Huang, Y. 1959 Pu Jian Traditional Chinese Medicine, 7, 42. Hikino, H. 1985 Antihepatoxic...
I 5
Temperatures are recorded as monthly means Takahashi and Arakawa, 1981 . NA Not available, a No leaves only flowers, b No leaves only ceased flowers and fruit. a height of two metres. Flowering did not commence until late February 1996, but only on some plants. None of the flowers from these plants set viable seed J.C. Laughlin, unpublished data . In Madagascar at Antananarivo Latitude 18 52'S at an elevation of ca. 1500 metres above sea level A. Annua plantlets resulting from a cross between...
Oh Lch
Figure 1 Some eudesmanolides isolated from A. herba-alba Fig. 1 shows the structures of a number of eudesmanolides isolated from Moroccan A. herba-alba Boriky et al, 1996 . Chemical variability with regard to the pattern of sesquiterpene lactones is considerable as found also for other members of this genus. Based on their sesquiterpene lactones at least 6 different chemotypes of A. herba-alba growing in arid zones of Egypt and Israel could be discerned Gordon et al., 1981 Segal et al, 1977...
World Health Artemesia 2000
The genus Artemisia includes a large number of species and some have been cultivated as commercial crops with a wide diversity of uses. Some better known examples include antimalarial A. annua - annual or sweet wormwood , culinary spices A. dracunculus - French tarragon , liquor flavouring A. absinthium - absinthe , garden ornamental A. abrotanum - southernwood and insect repellent A. vulgaris - mugwort . However this review will concentrate on the cultivation of A. annua because of its...
Eudesmanolides From Artemisia Santonicum
Adekenov, S.M., Rakhimova, B.B., Dzhazin, K.A., Alikov, V.B., Shaushekov, Z.K., Toregozhina, Zh.R. et al. 1995 Sesquiterpene lactones from Artemisia glabella. Fitoterapia, 66, 142-146. Ahmad, A. and Misra, L.N. 1994 Terpenoids from Artemisia annua and constituents of its essential oil. Phytochemistry, 37, 183-186. Ahmed, A.A., Aboul-El-Ela, M., Jakupovic, J., Seif El-Din, A.A. and Sabri, N. 1990 Eudesmanolides and other constituents from Artemisia herba-alba. Phytochemistry, 29, 3661-3663....
Oh Ykz
alcohol Figure 2 Some monoterpenes present in the essential oil of A. berba-alba antibacterial effects Yashpe et ah, 1987 . The authors concluded that the extensive use of A. herba-alba in folk medicine especially against intestinal disturbances may be attributed to the combination of an antibacterial and antispasmodic effect Yashphe et al., 1987 . By far the most frequently cited use of A. herba-elba is its employment in the therapy of diabetes mellitus Al-Shamaony et al., 1994 Marrif et al.,...
Artemisia Vulgaris L
The Plant, its Use and Principal Constituents Artemisia vulgaris L., mugwort, is a very common species in Europe, Asia and North America. The drug, known as Herba Artemisiae, consists of the leaves and flowering tops of the plant. Mugwort has a faint bitter taste, that almost completely disappears upon drying. A. vulgaris contains 0.03-0.3 essential oil, in which more than 100 components have been identified. The composition is highly variable. The main constituents depend of the origin of the...
References Qjp
Ahmed, A.A., Abou-El-Ela, M., Jakupovic, J., Seif El-Din, A.A. and Sabri, N. 1990 Eudesmanolides and other constituents from Artemisia herba-alba. Phytochemistry, 29, 3661-3663. Al-Shamaony, L., Al-Khazraji, S.M. and Twaij, H.A.A. 1994 Hypoglycaemic effect of Artemisia herba-alba. II. Effect of a valuable extract on some blood parameters in diabetic animals. . Ethnopharmacol., 43, 167-171. Boriky, D., Berrada, M., Talbi, M., Keravis, G. and Rouessac, F. 1996 Eudesmanolides form Artemisia...
Introduction Jqv
Over the last decades, there has been a continuing deterioration of the malaria situation in many parts of the world. This is particularly so in areas where Plasmodium falciparum has developed resistance to chloroquine, sulfa-pyrimethamine combinations and, to some extent, to quinine which previously has been effective in the treatment of severe and complicated disease. In some areas, such as on the Thai Cambodian and Thai Myanmar borders, high levels of resistance to mefloquine, the only...
Info Jxb
Figure 2 Tree diagram of the Cluster Analysis calculated on the data matrix of Table 4. Two main clusters are evident one consisting of high a-thujone species and the other made of several minor subclusters. See comments on text. From Mucciarelli et al. 1995. However, the most important group of sesquiterpenes found in the tribe Anthemideae is represented by the sesquiterpene lactones. These molecules have been extensively investigated in the genus Artemisia in chemotaxonomic and other studies....
General Features Of The Asteraceae Family
The genus Artemisia is one of the largest and most widely distributed of the nearly 100 genera in the tribe Anthemideae of the Asteraceae Compositae . Asteraceae is a natural family, with well established limits and a basic uniformity of floral structure, represented in all its members by the common possession of characters such as aggregation of the flowers into capitula and production of achenes cypselae as the typical fruits of the family. The cypsela structure, the presence or not of a...
Chemical Overview And Chemotaxonomy
Several secondary metabolites characterise the chemical composition of the genus Artemisia. A survey of the literature indicates that almost all classes of compounds are present in the genus, with particular reference to terpenoids and flavonoids. However, wax constituents, polyacetylenes and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen containing molecules have also been found in several species. The wide array of molecules present in the genus and the distribution of plants in several different habitats...
London and New York
First published 2002 by Taylor amp Francis 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Taylor amp Francis is an imprint of the Taylor amp Francis Group All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,...