Contents
Scientists Honored for Pioneering Research xxix I. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS 1 1. The Transition from Normal Functioning to Dementia in the Aging Population Laura Fratiglioni, Brent Small, Bengt Winblad and Lars Backman 3 2. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia Advances and Challenges 3. Epidemiology of Dementia in Down's Syndrome 4. A Genomic Search for Alzheimer's Disease Genes Jonathan L. Haines, L. Renee Bailey, Janet M. Grubber, Dale Hedges, Jenifer L. Hall, Sandra West,...
Tau FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION
Tau belongs to a family of proteins known as microtubule-associated proteins MAPs Weingarten et al., 1975 . Involved in microtubule assembly and stabilization in neurons and probably glia, tau is important for the maintenance of the cytoskeleton LoPresti et al., 1995 . Although tau is normally localized mainly in the axons, where it plays a role in axonal motorprotein transport Ebneth et al., 1998 , somatodendritic localization of tau is thought to occur during tau dysfunction. This altered...
Isbn Benton Hamsher Multilingual Aphasia Examination 1976
Albert M, Moss M, Tanzi R, Jones K. 2000 Preclinical prediction of AD using neuropsychological tests. JINS J Int Neuropsychol Soc, in press. Arikuni T, Sako H, Murata A. 1994 Ipsilateral connections of the anterior cingulate with the frontal and medial temporal cortices in the macaque monkey. Neurosci Res, 21, 19-39. Baker EL, Letz R, Fidler AT. 1985 A computer administered neurobehavioral evaluation system for occupational and environmental epidemiology. J Occup Med, 27, 206-12. Benton AL,...
References Hjj
Armitage SG 1946 An analysis of certain psychological tests used for the evaluation of brain injury. Psychol Monogr 277 1-48. Benton AL, Hamsher K 1976 Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City University of Iowa. Blessed G, Tomlinson BE, Roth M 1968 The association between quantitative measures of dementia and senile change in the grey matter of elderly subjects. Br J Psychiatry 114 797-811. Bondi M, Monsch A, Galasko D, Butters N, Salmon D, Delis D 1994 Preclinical cognitive markers of...
Gds
Figure 14.4. Overlap of Clinical Dementia Rating Scale CDR 0.5 and Global Deterioration Scale GDS 2 and 3 with clinical diagnoses of normal, mild cognitive impairment MCI , and Alzheimer's disease AD . Reproduced with permission from Petersen, 2000a, by permission of the American Medical Association. correspond to what is currently called mild cognitive impairment or very early dementia. In summary, these scales are useful for categorizing severity of impairment but do not necessarily coincide...
Odor Identification
The initial reports of olfactory dysfunction in AD suggested impairment in odor identification, or, at least, of confrontational naming anomia of odors, typically aided by a written list of possible alternatives Waldton, 1974 Serby et al., 1985 Doty et al., 1987 Koss, 1986 Knupfer and Spiegel, 1986 Morgan et al., 1995 Murphy et al., 1998 . A number of these investigations employed the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test UPSIT Doty et al., 1984 , a 40-item, multiple choice,...
Dedications
This book is dedicated to Drs Eva Braak and Henry M. Wisniewski, two distinguished Alzheimer's disease researchers who have died since the publication of our previous book on Alzheimer's disease, two years ago. EVA BRAAK, 'OUTSTANDING BUT UNASSUMING' Eva Braak, after several years of bold fight, died of ovarian cancer on 25 August, 2000 in Frankfurt, Germany. Eva was one of the most outstanding but unassuming neuroanatomists and neurobiologists of her generation, who made major research...
Conceptual Framework
As is shown in Figure 14.1, in those persons who are destined to develop AD, there is probably a gradual progression of symptoms. The actual prodromal phase is uncertain but probably spans many years. Neuropathologists are quite adept at identifying persons with neuropathologically proven definite AD Gearing et al., 1995 National Institute on Aging and Reagan Institute Working Group on Diagnostic Criteria for the Neuropathological Assessment of Alzheimer's Disease, 1997 . Similarly, clinicians...
Neuronal Cox2 And Its Expression In The Ad Brain
Immunocytochemical evidence indicates that COX-2 expression is elevated in the AD brain. Pasinetti and Aisen 1998 and others Mackenzie et al., 1998 Oka et al., 1997 Lukiw et al., 1997 found that COX-2 protein content is increased in the post-mortem AD brain and that the elevation of COX-2 signal is localized primarily to neuronal cells. Evidence showing the regulation of COX-2 mRNA in the AD brain is equivocal Pasinetti, 1998 Ho et al., 1999 Lukiw et al., 1997 , which may be, in part, due to...
Tau GENE MUTATIONS AFFECT MULTIPLE SPLICING ENHANCER AND SILENCER SEQUENCES
In vitro functional analyses reveal two classes of tau mutations. One class includes mutations G272V E9 , P301L, P301S, A280K E10 , V337M E12 , and R406W E13 that alter tau function by compromising tau's affinity for microtubules and or tau's ability to polymerize microtubules Hasegawa et al., 1998 Hong et al., 1998 Dayanandan et al., 1999 D'Souza et al., 1999 as well as by promoting self-assembly of tau as paired helical filaments PHF Goedert et al., 1999 Nacharaju et al., 1999 Barghorn et...
References Qoq
Calingasan NY, Uchida K, Gibson GE 1999 Protein-bound acrolein a novel marker of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 72, 751-6. Cras P, Smith MA, Richey PL, Siedlak SL, Mulvihill P, Perry G 1995 Extracellular neurofibrillary tangles reflect neuronal loss and provide further evidence of extensive protein cross-linking in Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol 89, 291-5. Dowson JH, Mountjoy CQ, Cairns MR, Wilton-Cox H, Bondareff W 1998 Lipopigment changes in Purkinje cells in...
References Eqv
Crook R, Verkkoniemi A, Perez-Tur J et al. 1998 A variant of Alzheimer's disease with spastic paraparesis and unusual plaques due to deletion of exon 9 of presenilin 1. Nature Med 4, 452-5. Cruts M 2000 ADMDB Alzheimer disease mutation database. Available at http Ezquerra M, Carnero C, Blesa R, Gelpi JL, Ballesta F and Oliva R 1999 A presenilin 1 mutation Ser169Pro associated with early-onset AD and myoclonic seizures. Neurology 52, 566-70. Farlow M, Murrell J, Ghetti B, Unverzagt F, Zeldenrust...
Summary Tma
The National Institute on Aging funds a number of Alzheimer's Disease Centers ADCs that collect longitudinal data on elderly individuals who are normal or have mild cognitive impairment MCI . The Alzheimer's Disease Centers' Neuropsychological Database Initiative is an effort by 16 of these federally funded ADCs to merge the diagnostic, neuropsychological, and functional data obtained from these individuals into a single, large, multicenter database. The database is intended to serve as a...
Atypical Karyotypes
The high risk of AD in DS is also associated with early mortality, with an average life expectancy at birth of only 56 years Baird and Sadovnick,1988 . Karyotypic analysis of adults aged over 70 years with DS can provide an opportunity to identify genetic factors associated with longevity. While these cases are rare, they are highly informative and suggest that karyotypes that decrease pAPP load are associated with improved survival and reduced risk of AD. Prasher and colleagues determined the...
References
Aronson MK, Ooi WL, Morgenstern H, et al. 1990 Women, myocardial infarction, and dementia in the very old. Neurology 40 7 , 1102-6. Aronson MK, Ooi WL, Geva DL, Masur BA, Blau A, Frishman W 1991 Dementia Age-dependent incidence, prevalence and mortality in the old old. Arch Intern Med 151, 989-92. Baldereschi M, Di Carlo A, Maggi S, et al. 1999 Dementia is a major predictor of death among the Italian elderly. ILSA Working Group. Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurology 52 4 , 709-13....
Contributors
J. Adamson Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA D. A. Agard The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA M. S. Albert Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, MGH East 149 9124, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA G. Aliev Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-2622, USA O. Almkvist Karolinska...