Takahara Tanabe Fermentation
Takada, M., Y. Nakagawa and M. Yamamoto 2003 . Biochemical and genetic analyses of a novel y-cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkalophilic Bacillus clarkii 7364. J. Biochem., 133, 317-324. Takahara, T. and O. Tanabe 1960 . Studies on the reduction of indigo in industrial fermen-taion vat VII . J. Ferment. Technol., 38, 329-331. Takahara, Y., Y. Takasaki and O. Tanabe 1961 . Studies on the reduction of indigo in the industrial fermentation vat XVIII . On the growth factor of the strain...
Biobleaching
Since it was demonstrated that alkali-treated woodpulp could be biologically bleached by xylanases instead of by the usual environmentally damaging chemical process using chlorine, the search for thermostable alkaline xylanases has been extensive. Dey et al. 1992 isolated an alkaliphilic thermophilic Bacillus sp. NCIM 59 that produced two types of cellulase-free xy-lanase at pH 10 and 50 C. Khasin et al. 1993 reported alkaliphilic Bacillus stearothermophilus T-6 produced an extracellular...
Dehairing
Alkaline enzymes have been used in the hide-dehairing process, where dehairing is carried out at pH values between 8 and 10. These enzymes are commercially available from several companies. An extracellular alkaline serine protease called DHAP and produced by a Bacillus pumilus strain demonstrates significant dehairing function. This protease is purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, ion exchange, and gel filtration. DHAP had a pi of 9.0 and a molecular weight of approximately...
Other Alkaline Pectindegrading Enzymes
Kobayashi et al. 1999b isolated a high-alkaline pectate lyase pectate trans-eliminase, Pel-7 from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P7. The purified Pel-7 had a molecular mass of approximately 33 kDa as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric point was about pH 10.5. In the presence of Ca ions, Pel-7 ran.y-eliminated polygalacturonate in a random manner to produce oligogalacturonides it exhibited optimal activity at pH 10.5 and at around 60 to 65 C in...
Degumming Ramie Fibers
Cao et al. 1992 isolated four alkaliphilic bacteria, NT-2, NT-6, NT-33 and NT-82, producing pectinase and xylanase. The pH and temperature optima for the activity of PGase were 10.5 and 70 C, respectively. One strain, NT-33, had excellent capacity for degumming ramie fibers. Zheng et al. 2001 selected three strains of alkaliphilic bacteria, Bacillus sp. NT-39, NT-53 and NT-76 for the degumming of ramie fibers and production of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. After 48 h of incubation with...
Info Ttj
The enzyme activities were measured by the method described in the text under various pH and temperature conditions. The buffers used were Carmody buffer and 50 mM of Good's buffer CHES, pH 9.0 . The enzyme solutions were incubated at various pHs in Carmody buffer for 30 min at 50 or 60 C, and at various temperatures for 30 min in 50 mM Good's buffer CHES, pH 9.0 . The residual activities were measured by the method reported previously. Reproduced with permission from T. Akino et al., Agric....
Lipases from Bacillus Strains
Although the enzyme isolated was not pure lipase, Wang and Saha 1993 reported the purification and characterization of thermophilic and alkaliphilic tributyrin esterase from Bacillus strain A30-1 ATCC 53841 . The enzyme was purified 139-fold to homogeneity by sodium chloride 6 M treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation 30-80 and phenyl-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The native enzyme was a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 65,000 and an isoelectric point at pH...
Lipases
Lipases are an important group of biotechnologically relevant enzymes and they have many applications in the food, dairy, detergent and pharmaceutical industries. Some important lipase-producing bacterial genera include Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Burkholderi. Most lipases can act in a wide range of pH and temperature, though alkaline bacterial lipases are more common and not specific to alkaliphilic microrganisms. The latest trend in lipase research is the development of novel and improved...
Xylanase Production Using Bacillus 2126
Kaneko, T., T. Hamamoto and K. Horikoshi 1988 . Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase gene from the alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain No.38-2. J. Gen. Microbiol., 134, 97-105. Kaneko, T., K. B. Song, T. Hamamoto, T. Kudo and K. Horikoshi 1989 . Construction of a chimeric series of Bacillus cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferases and analysis of the thermal stabilities and pH optima of the enzymes. J. Gen. Microbiol., 135, 3447-3457. Kato, C., T....
CGTase of Bacillus sp No 1011
Kimura et al. 1987a,b cloned the gene Accession Number Ml7366 for P-CGTase from an alkaliphilic bacterium, Bacillus sp. No. 1011, in an E. coli phage p-D69. This alkaliphilic bacterium produces extracellular P-CGTase. The structural gene for the P-CGTase consisted of 2,139 bp 713 amino acids with a total molecular weight of 78,339 . The extracellular P-CGTase of Bacillus sp. No. 1011 had Ala-Pro-Asp at the N-terminal. These amino acids corresponded to nucleotides 82 to 90. Therefore, the first...
Info Izx
B alcalophilus DSM 485 X76436 B. akibai 1139' AB043858 ----B kruhichiae JCM 11691' AB086897 971-ft wakoensis N-lT lt AB043851 B. pseudofirmus DSM 8715T X76439 B. pseudofirmus 27-1 AB043845 B. pseudofirmus 8-1 AB043842 B. pseudofirmus 2b-2 AB043857 B. pseudofirmus 124-1 AB201799 B pseudofirmus A-40-2 AB201795 B patagoniemis DSM 16117' AY2586I4 B. oshimensisJCM 12663' AB18890 I. oshimensis K-12-5 AB043850 B. oshimensis 17-1 AB043843 B. oshimensis 13 AB043839 B. clausii DSM 8716' X76440 B. clausii...
Other Alkaline Pullulanases
For industrial applications two highly alkaliphilic bacteria and potent producers of alkaline pullulanase were isolated from Korean soil Kim et al. 1993a,b . The two isolates, identified as Bacillus sp. S-l and Micrococcus sp. Y-l, grow on starch under alkaline conditions and effectively secrete extracellular pullulanases. The two isolates were extremely alkaliphilic since bacterial growth and enzyme production occurred at pH values ranging from pH 6.0 to 12.0 for Micrococcus sp. Y-l and pH 6.0...
Isolation of Alkaline Xylanase from Bacillus halodurans C125 and Construction
Subsequently, two xylanases were found in the culture broth of Bacillus halo-durans C-125 Honda et al. 1985a, b, c, d . Xylanase A had a molecular weight of 43,000 and that of xylanase N was 16,000. Xylanase N was most active at pH 6-7 and xylanase A was most active at a pH range of 6 to 10 and had some activity at pH 12 Fig. 10.1 . The xylanase A gene Accession Number D00087 was cloned, sequenced and expressed in E. coli Honda et al. 1985a, b, d 1986a, b . Nishimoto et al. 2002a constructed...
El Enzyme of Bacillus cohnii D6
In 1972, Yoshida and Horikoshi discovered a very- stable alkaline protease in the presence of detergents containing high concentration of perborate in the absence of calcium ion, Japanese patent JP 740710 . Bacillus sp. No. D-6 FERM No. 1592, later designated Bacillus cohnii D-6, FERM P-1592 produced an alkaline protease, E-l, that was more stable in the presence of detergent additives at 60 C than Bacillus clausii 221 protease. Several properties are presented in Table 7.1. If the enzyme...
I
Pseudomonas nitrojrdurens Pseudomonas aeruginosa raraobacter baltica tlsfherichia raii raraobacter baltica tlsfherichia raii Fig. 2.3 Unrooted phylogenetic tree shows the relationship of bacteria isolated from the deep sea to reference organisms. The numbers indicate the percentages of bootstrap samples, derived from 10000 samples that supported the internal branches. Bootstrap probability values less than 50 were omitted from this figure. Black box, alkaliphile heavily shaded box, halophile...
Alkaliphilic Microbes
Fig. 2.1 Isolation of alkaliphilic microorganisms. Reproduced from K. Horikoshi and T. Akiba, Alkalophilic Microorganisms A New Microbial World, p.10, Springer Japan Scientific Societies Press 1982 Fig. 2.1 Isolation of alkaliphilic microorganisms. Reproduced from K. Horikoshi and T. Akiba, Alkalophilic Microorganisms A New Microbial World, p.10, Springer Japan Scientific Societies Press 1982 tional methods, such as by freeze drying or being maintained in liquid nitrogen Fig. 2.1 . There are...
Alkaliphiles
Genetic Properties and Applications of Enzymes Koki Horikoshi Professor Emeritus, Tokyo Institute of Technology and RIKEN Institute, Japan Director General, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology JAMSTEC ISBN 4-06-211513-1 Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo ISBN-10 3-540-33372-x Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 3-540-33372-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number 2006926727 All rights are reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by...
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6.3.1 Origin of 6.3.2 Transcription and 6.3.3 Competence and 6.3.4 Cell 6.3.5 Membrane Transport and Energy 6.3.6 ABC 6.3.7 IS Elements of Bacillus halodurans 6.3.8 Was the Bacillus halodurans Genome Changed by Hundreds Transfers on Slants over 17 6.3.9 Other Genes Found in the Genome of Bacillus halodurans 6.4 Whole Genome Sequence of Bacillus clausii KSM-K16 6.5 Oceanobacillus iheyensis 6.5.1 Estimation of Genome Size of Oceanobacillus iheyensis HTE831 6.5.2 Shotgun Sequencing of the Whole...