Wisciv
Perceptual Organization Perceptual Reasoning Matrix Reasoning Matrix Reasoning Picture Completion Picture Concepts Sequencing Sequencing Arithmetic Note Italics denote subtests that are the same on the WAIS-III and WISC-IV Indexes. Because the WISC-IV does not offer Verbal or Performance IQs, these separate IQs play no part in the WISC-IV interpretive system hence, Verbal and Performance IQs are excluded from the analog system presented in this Appendix for the WAIS-III. Examiners who find...
Cd Ss
Impact of POI Subtest Scatter on the other Tiers of the WAIS-III Hierarchy puzzles, and determining what is missing from a stimulus picture, the POI assesses one's ability to visually integrate information, motorically manipulate objects, and apply visual-spatial skills to problems that are not school-taught. The POI is most similar to the Broad Visualization Gv and Fluid Gf dimensions of Horn's expanded Gf-Gc model Horn, 1989 Horn amp Hofer, 1992 Horn amp Noll, 1997 . As we discuss elsewhere...
Age and Grade Equivalents
The WJ III provides both age AE and grade equivalent GE scores. An AE or GE reflects the subject's performance in terms of the age or grade level in the norming sample at which the median score is the same as the subject's score. The WJ III AE and GE scores have advantages over AE or GE scores reported on many other test batteries. One frequently cited criticism of grade or age scores is that they are not useful for instructional planning because they do not reflect the student's ability. It is...
Object Assembly 1
Cognitive and Behavioral Analysis of Object Assembly Abilities Shared with Other Subtests Factor Analysis Two-, three-, and four-factor solutions Perceptual Organization Bannatyne Spatial Horn Fluid Intelligence Gf CHC Broad Visual Processing Gv of communication Representational level of organization Visual-motor coordination Anticipation Visual-motor speed Cognition of figural content systems and transformations Evaluation of figural relations Synthesis Simultaneous holistic, right-brain...
Gender of Patients with Lateralized Lesions
Males and females are believed to differ in various aspects of brain functioning Witelson, 1976 , and they have demonstrated differences in cerebral organization in experiments with normal individuals using techniques such as dichotic listening and assessment of the superiority of the left or right visual fields for verbal versus visual-spatial stimuli Bryden, 1979 . Lezak 1995 concludes that lateral asymmetry is not as pronounced in women as in men p. 297 . Yet this variable has been ignored...
KAITs Construct Validity for African Americans and Hispanics
The KAIT Manual Kaufman amp Kaufman, 1993 provides strong evidence for the construct validity of the scale using the entire standardization sample. However, because people from different ethnic groups often perform differently on tests of intelligence, it is important to extend the construct validity of the KAIT to examine the differential construct validity for separate ethnic groups. Here we discuss the KAIT's construct validity in samples of Caucasians, African Americans, and Hispanics...
Info Woe
Note W relative weakness compared to her overall subtest mean scaled score S relative strength compared to her overall subtest mean scaled score. Note W relative weakness compared to her overall subtest mean scaled score S relative strength compared to her overall subtest mean scaled score. WAIS-III Verbal subtests. In that profile, we have support for a relatively weak fund of acquired knowledge, with her relatively weak performance on Vocabulary 16th percentile and Information 9th percentile...
Introduction to WAISIII Subtest Interpretive Tables
The abilities that are believed to underlie each WAIS-III subtest are organized in Table 12.3. The information included in the tables summarizes the material that was included in the sub-test-by-subtest analysis in Chapter 10. The abilities and influences that are shared by at least two WAIS-III subtests are easy to pinpoint in the table. These tables are quite similar to tables that are presented for the WISC-III Kaufman, 1994a . Table 12.3 is organized by Silver's 1993 information-processing...
The Theories of Luria and Piaget in the KAIT
Both Luria's 1980 definition of planning ability and Piaget's 1972 stage of formal operations also helped to guide the development of the KAIT. Certain developmental changes in the brain that emerge at the ages of 11 or 12 are associated with Luria's 1973, 1980 notion of planning ability Block 3 . Similarly, Piaget's formal operational stage also begins to emerge at ages 11 or 12. Furthermore, Luria's definition of planning ability involves decision making, evaluation of hypotheses, and...
Info Maf
Note The values broken down by IQ-score ranges are based on frequency distributions provided in Table D.1 by The Psychological Corporation 1997, pp. 300-309 and the total values are based on frequency distributions provided in Table B.2 by Wechsler 1997, pp. 206-207 . Note The values broken down by IQ-score ranges are based on frequency distributions provided in Table D.1 by The Psychological Corporation 1997, pp. 300-309 and the total values are based on frequency distributions provided in...
versus PIQ Discrepancy Interpretable
Determination of whether there was a significant discrepancy between either the V-IQ and P-IQ or the VCI and POI took place in Step 2.3 However, if such discrepancies were not found to be abnormally large Step 3 , further investigation needs to take place before those discrepancies 3If only the IQs are derived, then disregard the VCI-WMI and POI-PSI comparisons, and instead just assess the level of subtest scatter in each of the IQs. If only the Indexes are derived, then just calculate the...
WoodcockJohnsonRevised WJR
In 1989 a revised and re-standardized WJ-R battery was published Woodcock amp Johnson, 1989a, 1996b . The primary goal of the WJ-R was to expand the diagnostic capabilities of the test and to complement the pragmatic decision-making model with a validated structure-of-intellect model viz., Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc the ory McGrew, 1994 McGrew et al., 1991 . The WJ Tests of Interest were dropped and the WJ-R was divided into two main batteries Tests of Cognitive Ability WJ-R COG and Tests of...
Application of the WJ III to Neuropsychological Assessment
Why should a practicing neuropsychologist spend time studying new models of cognitive abilities and, in particular, CHC theory As outlined earlier in this chapter, a primary reason is that the CHC model represents the best of current research into the structure of intellect. A second reason is that the CHC organization offers an empirically derived taxonomic classification of cognitive abilities that is characterized by a high level of functional independence among the categories. Traditional...
References 1
Anastasi, A., amp Urbina, S. 1997 . Psychological testing 7 th ed. . Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Carroll, J. B. 1993 . Human cognitive abilities A survey of factor analytic studies. New York Cambridge University Press. Carroll, J. B. 1998 . Foreword. In K S. McGrew amp D. P Flanagan Eds. , The intelligence test desk reference ITDR Gf-Gc cross-battery assessment. Boston Allyn amp Bacon. Cicchetti, D. V 1994 . Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and...
Neuropsychological Applications
One distinguishing characteristic of neuropsychological assessment is its emphasis on the identification and measurement of psychological deficits Neuropsychological assessment is also concerned with the documentation and description of preserved functions the patient's behavioral competencies and strengths. Lezak, 1995, p. 97 Neuropsychological assessment is concerned with evaluating brain-behavior relations. His torically, there have been two approaches to neuropsychological assessment. The...
Predicted AchievementAchievement Discrepancy Model
The WJ III Predicted Achievement PA Model for ability-achievement discrepancy calculation is also portrayed in Figure 14.3. A similar model was present in the WJ and WJ-R in which the differential Scholastic Aptitude clusters were used as the predictor measures. The Scholastic Aptitude clusters were used to provide predicted achievement scores based on the best combination of four cognitive tests that predicted different achievement domains McGrew, 1986, 1994 McGrew et al., 1991 Woodcock, 1978...
Item Content Changes
from the W-B I to the WAIS to the WAIS-R and to the WAIS-III Table 3.1 presents a summary of changes in the item content of the 11 subtests when the W-B I was first revised to produce the WAIS, the WAIS was revised a generation later to become the WAIS-R, and finally the WAIS-R was revised to produce the WAIS-III in 1997, fully 16 years after Wechsler's death. Although now in its final form, the WAIS-III has 14 rather than 11 subtests, Table 3.1 discusses the subtests that are common among all...
Info Syd
Note These WAIS-III coefficients are from Heaton, Manly, Taylor, and Tulsky 2001 , who conducted multiple regression analysis to predict educational attainment from age-corrected z scores on each WAIS-III IQ scale, Index, and scaled score. The sample of 2,250 includes 2,028 standardization cases plus 222 cases from an education oversampling. Values in parentheses are for the WAIS-R. Coefficients for the WAIS-R IQs Reynolds et al., 1987 are for the adults in the standardization sample, ages...
Kbit
Mean K-BIT standard scores earned by adults, ages 20-90 years, categorized by education Kaufman amp Wang, 1992 are shown in Table 4.10. The pattern of a stronger relationship with the verbal-crystallized measure Vocabulary than with the nonverbal-fluid measure Matrices conforms to the patterns found for the KAIT and the various Wechsler adult scales. The magnitude of the effect sizes for the three K-BIT scores 2.06 to 2.45 SD , however, is substantially higher than the magnitude for the more...
Advantages of the WJ III in Measuring Growth and Change
The WJ III is particularly well suited for the measurement of growth and change both in clinical practice and for developmental research. A number of characteristics of the WJ III address the previously described limitations of measures. First, the WJ III includes the same tests across all developmental age groups. Although only certain tests provide norms below age five, almost all of the 20 WJ III COG and 24 ACH tests provide measurement starting at age 5 or 6 and extending up through 95...
Gender Differences on Separate Subtests
Gender differences on the separate WAIS-III subtests Heaton et al., 2001 were notable about 0.5 SD on three subtests Males outscored females on Information and Arithmetic and females scored higher on Digit Symbol. Smaller effect sizes of about 0.2-0.3 were observed on Comprehension, Block Design, and Picture Arrangement, with males scoring higher in each case. Females scored higher on Symbol Search 0.15 SD , but the remaining seven subtests produced trivial effect sizes less than 0.1 SD . KAIT...
Info Prm
OA can substitute for a Performance subtest for ages 16-74 Figure 11.5 WAIS-III structure Four-tier hierarchy Although examination of Steps 1 through 6 is crucial in determining what scores to interpret, this process is different from actually interpreting them. Step 7 leads examiners to explore a variety of interpretive hypotheses derived from diverse theoretical, clinical, and research-based interpretations. The next few pages outline some of the possible interpretations of these global...
Digit Span
Memory Span for Digits renamed Digit Span combines in a single subtest two skills that subsequent research has shown to be distinct in many ways Costa, 1975 Jensen amp Figueroa, 1975 repetition of digits in the same order as they are spoken by the examiner, and repetition of digits in the reverse order. Wechsler 1958 combined these two tasks for pragmatic reasons, however, not theoretical ones Each task alone had too limited a range of possible raw scores, and treating each set of items as a...
Lezaks Eulogy
Muriel Lezak announced to the professional world that the IQ concept was dead in an address to the International Neuropsychological Society in January 1988, which she subsequently published as IQ R.I.P. in the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Lezak, 1988a . However, she delivered a funeral oration for a corpse that has been dead for at least 10 to 15 years Kaufman, 1988 Reynolds, 1988 , thus demonstrating that some leaders in the field of neuropsycho-logy may be oblivious to...
The V P Profile
Fuld 1984 was able to obtain valid WAIS data for 46 Alzheimer's patients based on IQs prorated from four Verbal and three Performance subtests, she observed V gt P profiles of 15 or more points in 24 52 of these patients. Intriguingly, Fuld also obtained dramatic V gt P findings for 20 normal graduate and undergraduate students who were given drugs to induce experimentally the impaired cholinergic neurotransmitter functioning believed to characterize Alzheimer's patients. All 20 subjects...
Schizophrenia
Hoff et al. 1990 found a 9-point WAIS-R V gt P profile in their 30 inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia 70 male mean age 25 . Eleven of Hoff et al.'s patients were off medication at the time of testing and 19 were on either neurolep-tics, anticonvulsants, or lithium however, the authors did not report the mean V-P differences for the patients on versus those off medication. The 17 outpatients with schizophrenia that were assessed on the WAIS-R by Morice and Delahunty 1996 showed a 7.4-point...
Step 1 Interpret the Full Scale IQ
The initial step in comprehensive analyses of WAIS-III profile fluctuations involves systematic statistical treatment of the most global score, Full Scale IQ. Following this initial step, proceed in a stepwise fashion to examination of the other IQs, Indexes, and, finally, specific subtests. Because the Full Scale IQ is the most reliable score in the battery mean split-half coefficient of .98 , it is the logical starting point in Wechsler profile interpretation. This score should be assigned an...
Info Opq
Note that the patients with right lesions performed better on all four factors. However, the differences were substantial for VCI and WMI consistent with predictions, because both of these scales are composed of Verbal subtests and trivial for POI and PSI. The Psychological Corporation 1997 also administered the WMS-III to the patient sample and found predictable patterns for both groups Patients with left lesions had higher scores on visual than auditory tasks, both immediate and delayed,...
Overview and Description
The WASI Psychological Corporation, 1999 was developed in order to meet the needs for an abbreviated scale of intelligence for clinical, psy-choeducational, and research settings. It can be used to assess a broad age range, from ages 6 through 89 years. It consists of four subtests Vocabulary, Block Design, Similarities, and Matrix Reasoning, which are similar to the subtests of the same name on the WAIS-III and the WISC-III exception Matrix Reasoning, which does not appear on the WISC-III ....
Mental Retardation
Data from a standardized instrument measuring cognitive ability and a measure of adaptive functioning are typically used in making the diagnosis of mental retardation.1 To be categorized as mentally retarded, a person must have an IQ of less than 70, in addition to having significantly impaired adaptive functioning American Psychiatric Association, 1994 . The American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR has a similar definition of mental retardation, emphasizing the necessity of subaverage...
Standardization and Psychometric Properties Ujy
The GAMA was standardized with a sample of 2,360 adults ages 18 to 96 that was stratified to closely match the 1990 U.S. Census data. The internal consistency of the GAMA IQ score was strong across 11 age intervals the reliability coefficients ranged from .79 to .94 the average was .90 . The internal consistency coefficients for the individual subtests are adequate for Analogies .81 and Sequences .79 and low for Matching .66 and Construction .65 Naglieri amp Bardos, 1997 . Two studies have...
KAIT and the Wechsler Scales
In developing the KAIT, the Kaufmans wanted their test's Fluid Scale to measure planning ability and problem solving based on higher-level reasoning rather than broad visualization. Although Wechsler's Performance Scale has often been considered a measure of fluid ability, Horn noted that the Performance IQ emphasizes visualization Horn amp Hofer, 1992 and Woodcock 1990 demonstrated that the Performance IQ measures broad visualization Gv , not simply fluid intelligence. To determine the overlap...
Clinical and Research Implications of Practice Effects
The impact of retesting on test performance, whether using the WAIS-III, WAIS-R, other Wechsler scales, or similar tests, needs to be internalized by researchers and clinicians alike. Researchers should be aware of the routine and expected gains of about 2 points in V-IQ for all ages between 16 and 89 years. They also should internalize the relatively large gain on P-IQ for ages 16-54 about 8 to 8 points , and the fact that this gain in P-IQ dwindles in size to less than 6 points for ages 55-74...
Turkheimer et als Evaluation of the McGlone Hypothesis versus the Inglis Lawson
Turkheimer et al. 1993 recognized that the question remains unresolved concerning why gender differences occur in the effects of lateralized lesions. They noted that two of the major explanatory hypotheses are those we discussed McGlone's lateralization hypothesis and Inglis and Lawson's differential problem-solving hypothesis. Turkheimer et al. 1993 analyzed the data of 33 males and 31 females using a complicated quantitative method for the assessment of covariation between IQ and location of...
Info Gmn
Highest Rated Occupations Occupational Therapist Physical Therapist Registered Nurse Comprehesion Index, her subtest scores indicated that she has a relative strength in crystallized knowledge acquired knowledge , her fund of knowledge, verbal reasoning, and verbal expression. These strengths were evident in her strong performance on a task of general information 91st percentile , as well as tasks requiring her to define words, describe how two words are alike, and use judgment and common sense...
Evaluation Of The Waisiii
This chapter on factor analysis has produced a variety of interesting findings, both theoretically and clinically. However, the most compelling finding that echoes throughout the analyses is the strong construct validity support provided for the WAIS-III IQs. The strong g loadings for the subtest supports the construct validity of the Full Scale IQ. The two-factor solutions support the construct validity of the Verbal IQ-Performance IQ dichotomy, and the four-factor solutions both exploratory...
Info Pib
The verbal and nonverbal constructs are not interpretable if you reach this point. STEP 6 Determine whether the Working Memory and Processing Speed Indexes Are Interpretable A. Is WMI factor interpretable STEP 6 Determine whether the Working Memory and Processing Speed Indexes Are Interpretable A. Is WMI factor interpretable Difference between High and Low Scaled Score
Picture Completion
This subtest was commonly included in group-administered tests such as the Army Beta. A variant of this task, known as Healy Picture Completion II, which involves placing a missing piece into an uncompleted picture, was given individually in various performance scales, including the Army Performance Scale Examination however, individual administration of Picture Completion, though conducted with the Binet scale for an identical task named Mutilated Pictures, was less common. Wechsler 1958 was...
Info Hvk
Note Based on varimax and oblimin rotations of 14 WAIS-III subtests at ages 16-89 Kaufman et al., 2001 . Note Based on varimax and oblimin rotations of 14 WAIS-III subtests at ages 16-89 Kaufman et al., 2001 . The four-pronged division of WISC subtests proposed by Bannatyne 1968, 1971 and subsequently modified Bannatyne, 1974 has achieved widespread use for the assessment of children and adults Kaufman, 1979b, 1990, 1994a . Numerous WISC, WISC-R, and WISC-III investigations of reading and...
The ACID Profile versus Bannatyne System or SCALD Profile
The ACID pattern represents a deficient area for adolescents and adults with learning disabilities, but the three LD samples shown in Table 9.1 scored even lower on the WAIS-R Sequential standard score than on the ACID score. On the WAIS, the same finding occurred for Blalock's 1987 adults with learning disabilities, whereas McCue et al.'s 1986 , Cordoni et al.'s 1981 , and Ackerman et al.'s 1987 LD samples earned closely similar means on the Sequential and ACID standard scores. Only Vogel's...
Relative Proficiency Index
The relative proficiency index RPI , formerly called the RMI relative mastery index on the WJ-R, is a valuable score in better understanding a subject's quality of performance relative to peers in the normative sample. The score reads like the index used with Snellen charts to describe visual acuity. A 90 is always written in the denominator. An RPI score of 90 90 means that the subject demonstrated 90 proficiency on tasks where the average person in the comparison group same age or grade would...
Ii7
Notes Subtests appearing in parenthesis do not contribute to the Index. CI Confidence Interval. Notes Subtests appearing in parenthesis do not contribute to the Index. CI Confidence Interval. Consider the person's four WAIS-III Indexes. Subtract the lowest Index from the highest Index. Answer the following question Is the size of the standard score difference less than 1.5 SDs lt 23 points If Yes, then the FS-IQ may be interpreted as a reliable and valid estimate of a person's global...
Info Nnd
Note Results are from a promax rotation. Sample included 1,535 Caucasians, 226 African Americans, and 140 Hispanics. Gc Crystallized, Gf Fluid. Decimal points are omitted, and loadings gt .40 are italicized. Adapted from Factor structure of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test KAIT for whites, African Americans, and Hispanics, by A. S. Kaufman, J. C. Kaufman, and J. E. McLean, 1995, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, pp. 365-376. Copyright 1995 by Sage Publications....
Concurrent Validity WJ III Ability Cluster Correlations with Achievement and
The WJ III GIA scores displayed concurrent correlations in the .70s with the general composite scores across all age samples and instruments WPPSI-R, WISC-III, WAIS-III, DAS, KAIT, and SB-IV McGrew amp Woodcock, 2001 . These studies provide concurrent validity evidence that the WJ III GIA-Std and GIA-Ext clusters are valid indicators of general intelligence, as opera-tionalized by other intelligence batteries. The single adult-specific concurrent study that presented correlations with the...
Implications for Administering and Scoring the WAISIII
The research we have cited, as well as our own experience with training graduate students and working with seasoned practitioners, paints a less than desirable picture about the administration and scoring accuracy of newly trained and highly trained test administrators. Although structured training does increase administration and scoring accuracy, there is still room for improvement after training and practice. In addition to training and supervision, employing a structured checking procedure...
Sensory Acuity
Furthermore, sensory variables with no motor involvement may be related to declines on all three Horn factors Gf, Gv, and Gs in view of compelling evidence of substantial correlations between measures of sensory processes and measures of intellectual processes Baltes amp Lin-denberger, 1997 Lindenberger amp Baltes, 1994, 1997 . In one large-scale study, both visual and auditory acuity were substantial correlates of IQ in old age 70-103 much more so than during the earlier adult years 25-69 ,...
Lurias Block 1 Block 2 and Block 3 Functions
Luria 1980 posited the existence of three blocks or functional units in the brain Block 1 concerns arousal or attention Block 2 deals with successive and simultaneous coding functions, and pertains directly to the sequential-simultaneous dichotomy just discussed and Block 3 involves higher-level planning processes Luria, 1980 Naglieri, 1999 Naglieri amp Das, 1988, 1997 . Digit Symbol-Coding, apart from its sequential component, is for Rapaport a measure of concentration and is often a member of...
LetterNumber Sequencing
Analysis of Letter-Number Sequencing Abilities Shared with Other Subtests Factor Analysis Two-factor solution Perceptual Organization Three-factor solution Working Memory Four-factor solution Working Memory CHC Broad Short-Term Memory Gsm of communication Representational level of organization Auditory association Rapaport Orienting response verbal Guilford Memory of symbolic content Other skills Encoding information for further cognitive processing Facility with numbers Short-term memory...
Revisions of Traditional Ipsative Analysis
Despite its inherent flaws, intra-individual or ip-sative analysis has not fared well because it historically has not been grounded in contemporary theory and research and it has not been linked to psychometrically defensible procedures for interpretation Flanagan amp Ortiz, 2001 . When theory and research are used to guide interpretation and when psychometrically defensible interpretive procedures are employed, some of the limitations of the intra-individual approach are circumvented,...
WAISR and WAISIII Patterns for Individuals with Full Scale IQ of 110 or Above
Consistent with the finding that highly educated adults at least one year of graduate school see Table 8.21 display higher scores on the Verbal than Performance scale is the finding that adolescents and adults with IQs in the High Average Bright , Superior, and Very Superior ranges earn V gt P profiles. Matarazzo and Herman 1985 combined data for the 1,880 individuals aged 16-74 in the WAIS-R standardization sample and grouped them into five IQ categories. Of the 177 people earning Full Scale...